The Nazi Regime Essay - 1748 Words

The Nazi Regime In this essay I will be analyzing the statement; The most important reason why there was little opposition towards the Nazi regime was because of its use of propaganda. In order to do this I will explain how the Nazis actions and the events leading up to the war prevented opposition. During the pre ww2 era and particularly in the 1930s Hitler focused a lot of his attention on the propaganda surrounding himself and the policies of his Nazi party. A massive propaganda campaign was launched which aimed to convince the German people that all the Nazis did was right and good. The man behind this campaign was Josef Goebbles, a vain, ambitious, anti- Semitic womanizer. Geobbles†¦show more content†¦Of course, Hitler seized on this event and claimed that a bolshevist revolution was underway in Germany and that communist were attempting to seize power. The church was also involved in opposing Nazi regimes. An organization called the confessing church was formed. It spoke out against Nazism, how it infiltrated the church and the Nazi anti Semitic policies. Members of the Confessing Church also helped approximately 2000 Jews escape to freedom. Probably one of the most significant and blatant acts of opposition towards Nazism occurred during the latter stages of the war in July 1944 when a bomb plot executed by members of the German army took place. The intent was to kill Hitler and hopefully end his regime, however the plan failed and Hitler survived despite badly injuring his right arm. The plan was nicknamed the Stauffenberg bomb plot. Although the opposition instances mentioned caused the Nazis some concern, Goebbles and his Nazi propaganda machine managed to overcome them. They did this by taking control of the medial and cultural aspects of Germany to win over the German people. They also manipulated events (e.g. the Reichstag fire) using propaganda to abolish any opponents who were seen as a threat towards the Nazi power struggle. Goebbles fought for control of newspaper companies and radio stations and hundreds of pro-Nazi films were made. GermanyShow MoreRelatedThe Nazis And The Nazi Regime1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nazis, who came to power with the leader Adolf Hitler in Germany in January 1933, believed in a radical â€Å"genetic† restricting of society where ethnic cleansing of Jews was the main priority. Nazi regime wanted to make German Aryan race â€Å"superior† and the Jews were considered â€Å"inferior† within German racial community. The Holocaust was state-sponsored orga nized oppression and homicide of six million Jews by the Nazi regime. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted otherRead MoreThe Nazi Regime959 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise of the Nazi regime in Germany in the early part of the 20th century was an impressive, and nearly unforeseen incident that had long-lasting implications on the rest of the Western world. While the Nazi party was extreme in their ideologies, the circumstances in which they came to power were dire; Germany had been crippled by a massive depression and was being forced to pay reparations through the â€Å"Young Plan† which required Germany to pay the Allied forces â€Å"a series of annual payments extendingRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Regime1552 Words   |  7 Pagesread: People Who Made History; Adolf Hitler, and I have to say this book was rather interesting. This book gave a lot of background and history to Adolf’s childhood, along with his military strategies, as well as his rise and fall as leader of the Nazi regime. This book was incredibly descriptive, and passionately written, even though it was a fact based book one really feel like they could see into the mind of Adolf Hitler. As horrible of a person he was, his ambition was probably one of the most terrifyingRead MoreHitler s Influence On The Nazi Regime2026 Words   |  9 PagesTo assess the popularity of the Nazis one must first establish the meaning of popularity and in what ways it can be assessed. Popularity in this instance is support and conformity to the Nazi regime. This essay will span from Hitler and the party’s early days in the Burgerbraukeller in Munich up to the death of the regime in 1945. The evidence used will span from Hitler’s own words in ‘Mein Kampf’ to the masses of propaganda left behind upon the regimes collapse. The biggest historiographical debateRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Used Propaganda Posters1783 Words   |  8 Pages The Nazi regime used propaganda posters to primarily expose the German people to a new way of thinking. In charge of distributing and overseeing the creation of a majority of the propagandist posters was Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels. Born in Rheydt, Germany he created and ran the Third Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. There, his goal was to play upon the hopes, fears, and frustrations of the German people. Then, he wished to harness those same emotions to spark a German movementRead MoreHitler s Propaganda For The Nazi Regime2037 Words   |  9 Pagespropaganda for the Nazi regime in 1933-1945? The definition of propaganda is ‘information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view’. The Nazis used propaganda as a method to spread their views and to encourage the Germans to support Hitler. Some of the main themes of propaganda was to demonise groups of people (races, religions e.c.t); to portray Hitler as a strong and powerful leader; to emphasise the values of Nazi Germany andRead MoreEssay on The History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime4399 Words   |  18 PagesThe History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime In the Second World War, a man named Adolph Hitler, the leader of the infamous Nazi regime, had a plethora of things on his mind. From guarding the stricken land of Poland against Soviet advancement, to making sure the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean in France were closely guarded, Hitler had much to worry about. Unfortunately, it was during Hitler’s reign when a most horrible atrocity took place. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in aRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Was Defined By Its Fascism Policies1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazi regime was defined by its fascism policies in Germany that had on huge implications on the country s socio-political and economic settings. The National sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi) evolved from the German Worker s Party. Adolf Hitler was the man behind the establishment of the Nazi party into the German political system as he rose to power in the late 1920s. He was the leader of the Nazi party. The party came to being from the Weimar Republic, which came about after GermanyRead MoreThe Nazi Regime During Hitler s Reign1759 Words   |  8 PagesThe term â€Å"Third Reich† is another phrase used to describe the Nazi Regime when Adolf Hitler was in power in Germany from January 30th, 1933, to May 8th, 1945. With the Nazis rise to power they built the foundation of the Third Reich . Homosexuals were classified as a minori ty group by the Nazis in contrast to â€Å"normal† people in society. The Homosexuals were treated in an immoral and inhumane manner by the barbaric Nazi Regime. In almost every case when they were caught they would be arrested, deportedRead MoreJehovah s Witnesses During The Nazi Regime1258 Words   |  6 PagesAll you have to do is sign this document and all your suffering and pain will end, now will you sign, or not? This is a decision that many of Jehovah’s Witnesses during the Nazi Regime faced. What did this document contain? It stated that they would abandon their beliefs and faith in Jehovah God and pledge loyalty to the man behind their persecution of not only them, but also persecutor of the gypsies, Jews, and other groups of people he hated, he was Adolf Hitler. Jehovah’s Witnesses had a number

Effects Of Recession On The Employment Level - 1106 Words

Recession is an economic phenomenon that comes in a cyclic fashion. Recessions generally occur due to an effect of adverse demand shock. Unemployment is one of the most prominent effects of recession. Due to the economic downturn, companies try to save money rather than investing it in a production process. On the other hand, the consumption power of the consumers also reduces by a significant level. These factors have a serious impact on the employment level. After the recovery from the recession period (2007-2009), although the unemployment rate reduced gradually, however this trend has not shown the entire picture. Most of the employers have recruited part-time employees during this period. Though the number of full time employees is†¦show more content†¦According to the economic theory producers will reduce their supply. Thus the decline in production will affect the labor market. In this situation the producers will minimize the inputs of the production for profit maxim ization. So they will withdraw their capital and will reduce the labor power. So there will be unemployment i.e. there will be disequilibrium in labor market. As the labor market equilibrium is a steady equilibrium, the market will again tend towards the equilibrium level or will diverge to a new equilibrium (Dornbusch, Fischer and STartz). So during the post-recession period the unemployment rate got reduced slowly due to rise in demand and employers started recruiting labors in the production process. However, the employment rate is less than the same in the pre-recession time as the change in economy takes its own time to recover. During this time, though the investment risk in the economy is lesser than the recession period; but it is not completely recovered. During this transitional period, the employment scenario has also changed gradually i.e. from unemployment to part-time employees to full-time employees. One of the important aspects behind the elevated level of part-time employee is the reducing wage rate. According to the neoclassical theory of supply, wages are adjusted automatically to always maintain the output at the full employment level. But this is a hypothetical theory

San Francisco The City that Never Sleeps Free Essays

Everybody knows the old saying that ‘you never really know a person until you live with them’. Well, this also applies to visiting other countries, because I have always had an idea in my head about what kind of city San Francisco would be. I have seen various pictures in holiday brochures of the Golden Gate Bridge, Fisherman’s Wharf and of course, the famous Powell and Mason line Cable Cars. We will write a custom essay sample on San Francisco: The City that Never Sleeps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only is the city about the famous landmarks and sites everybody has heard of, to me it was about a whole lot more and I do not think that anybody truly knows a place until they have lived in the heart of it for more than two weeks. Regretfully, I only spent two weeks in the city, and I felt as though there was still plenty I had to learn about it. People always seem to associate the state of California with plenty of sunshine, hardly any rain and generally being a warm if not hot climate. I was no different. Therefore, when I stepped off of the aeroplane and felt a cold blast of wind as I walked through the courtesy tunnel, I was fairly shocked. I did not expect to feel the cold whilst I was in California, but that was just the beginning of unexpected things to come. In all honesty I should have begun my travels with an open mind, but I thought I knew what San Francisco would be like and through fault of my own I did not expect anything else. I had visited the United States on three separate occasions before I decided to embark on San Francisco and I had never actually travelled to the western coast of America so this was new territory for me. There is supposed to be a clear divide between the East and West coasts of America and thus knowing this, it was up to me to distinguish what these factors were. The fact that I had been to the country before certainly helped me a lot, especially at the airport. Many visitors from Europe who have not visited the United States before, would be alarmed at the amount of questions security ask whilst getting their passport stamped. This just goes to show that the American’s do not just let anybody into their country and they have got to be certain that everybody who has not got a visa to live and work in the country has visited for recreational purposes only. I know that security has been stepped up since the attacks on September 11th, but when the passport control officer asked me, ‘Why are you visiting the USA? , ‘How long will you be staying? ‘, and ‘Have you visited before? ‘, it made me feel like a criminal for being in their country. At the time I felt like I had been interrogated for no reason, but looking back on it, I see that it was only for my increased safety whilst I was visiting that they had to ask those questions and they did ask everybody. Ever since I can remember, I have always thought it was only the English that constantly talked about the weather. I was not expecting to hear about it non-stop whilst I was in San Francisco. However, I soon found out the reason behind it; I was actually visiting the city in the hottest weeks it had ever seen, I could not believe my luck. The cold blast of air I had felt whilst stepping off of the plane must have been the air conditioning, I breathed a big sigh of relief as I realised that the California I had been dreaming of might actually become a reality. I had booked into a youth hostel for the first three nights of my stay and having never stayed in one before I really had no idea what it would be like. As soon as I realised the taxi had pulled up outside the hostel, I began to worry. It looked nothing like the pictures I had seen on the internet, it was situated in a desolate street and a man was sitting on the steps outside with a cigarette hanging out of his mouth. I honestly would have used all my spending money to stay in a respectable hotel for the rest of the trip if it had meant that I did not have to stay in the hostel. However, I was persuaded to give it a try for one night and I was given the chance to decide what to do after that. Keen to get out of the hostel I went for a walk on that first night to get an idea of how far we were from all the places I wanted to visit. To my horror, it seemed that nobody went for walks in the city, especially not at night anyhow. We were not staying far from Market Street, which is the main street in the city and it literally spans from one end of the city to the other and eventually ends at the Ferry Building next to the Bay Bridge. Having read about Market Street whilst doing my research, I was glad I was staying within walking distance, because that is the street where you can catch the streetcars and the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transport), which is the equivalent to the London Underground. Knowing that I was within walking distance of all the major transport links made me feel better and I decided that the next day I would take the Cable Car to Fisherman’s Wharf and see what that had to offer. The Cable Cars are the only vehicles of their kind still in operation and are considered to be National Landmarks. Travelling on a Cable Car was at the top of my list of things to see and do whilst I was visiting San Francisco, therefore it had to be one of the first things I did. Seeing the city the next day, when the sun was beaming and more people were walking the streets made all the difference. I just could not believe how many homeless people there were on the streets though, with all of their worldly possessions packed into a shopping trolley they wandered up and down market street begging for money. Compared to London and New York, it seemed to me that San Francisco had a serious problem with the amount of homeless people living on the city’s streets. It was not until the end of my trip that I found out, that the council of San Francisco actually gives each and every registered homeless person four hundred dollars a month, so that they can afford shelter and food. Although, hardly any of the money the city gives them is actually spent of shelter and food, it goes on alcohol and drugs, which is not helping anybody. There has been uproar from the public about the situation and there have been many petitions to stop the council from giving the homeless any more money. I soon began to realise that even though I was in California, I was still in a city and all city’s have their good parts and their bad parts, even more so the tourist attractions and the lived in areas. At that point I was ready to be a tourist with the rest of them, so I headed to Powell Street for a ride on one of the famous Cable Cars. It was a beautiful day so I sat on an outside seat and I did not have to fight for it and I soon realised why. I could not believe how steep the hills actually were, at one point we were so high up that I could see Alcatraz Island all the way at the bottom and the red cables of the Golden Gate Bridge just rising above the buildings in the distance. As the Cable Car descended down the hill, it went at a fairly high speed and I certainly felt the wind as it blew against us. The driver pointed out famous sites along the way, such as Chinatown on the right hand side, the famous Lombard Street as featured in many movies and then finally we came to our destination that was Fisherman’s Wharf. Built in 1900, Fisherman’s Wharf is the most popular tourist attraction in San Francisco. I was not disappointed in the least when I finally arrived. I think the smell of crab and other seafood delights probably hit me before I had actually reached the Wharf, but that was just part of the experience at being there. Fisherman’s Wharf was heaving with tourists, it was an unusually hot day and it seemed as though everybody had had the same idea. I had not expected the place to be so big; there were so many different piers I was not quite sure which one to visit first. However, it was soon decided that we should visit the San Francisco museum at Pier 45, which was also home to the US submarine USS Pampanito. The museum was no ordinary museum, since it was made out to look like an old Victorian arcade. It was crammed full of old wooden machines that worked if a quarter was dropped in and once the money had been collected the machines would come to life, considering the age of the contraptions it was quite amazing that they still worked. Unfortunately the trip around the USS Pampanito was not scheduled for that particular day so we then headed on to Pier 39. This was a thoroughly modern area of Fisherman’s Wharf and to me it seemed as if it had only been designed with tourists in mind. According to the guidebook, Pier 39 is San Francisco’s number one attraction and I can actually see why the book would say this, since it certainly does have a lot to offer to keep both adults and children entertained. There were the usual boutiques and memorabilia stores and of course no American city would be complete without a famous Hard Rock Cafi, but the one thing that could have kept me entertained for hours was just around the corner. I could not believe my eyes when all I could see there in the water right in front of me was more than one hundred sea lions sunbathing on floating rafts. It was like nothing I had ever seen before, not even Sea World could compete with the sea lions at Pier 39. It seemed unimaginable that just a few hours previous and not even 5 miles away I had been alarmed by the amount of homeless people and street beggars, yet there I was staring at over one hundred sea lions housed within a small dock and I was not sure what surprised me the most. Being Saint Patrick’ day the very next day, I prepared myself for a long day. I had heard on the grapevine that the American’s love to celebrate on Saint Patrick’s Day and I was certain that this one would not be any different. I think that the American people are very open-minded when it comes to culture, race and sexuality, but I found even more so in San Francisco. There are so many different cultures within the city and they even have designated areas of the city in which they live. The obvious one being Chinatown, but the North Beach area is home to many Italian-American’s, the Castro area is renowned for its Gay and Lesbian scene, Ocean Beach is known for its Japanese culture and the Irish fit in anywhere in between. That is why it did not surprise me that on Saint Patrick’s Day, a day that the Irish would be doing the most celebrating it would seem, the American’s were doing their best to outdo them. After talking to many people who actually work in San Francisco, the current trend is to live elsewhere and travel into work each day. The most popular areas to live are either Oakland, which is over the eight and a half mile long Bay Bridge, or Sausalito that is in the other direction and across the Golden Gate Bridge. Having taken a trip over the Golden Gate Bridge and seeing the city from a different angle, I could certainly see why it might be tempting to live in the quieter towns and enjoy the hustle and bustle of going to work each morning. It was like entering a different country as soon as we had crossed the Golden Gate Bridge and drove through Marin County. Even the weather had changed so drastically in that short distance; the temperature must have risen by twenty degrees Fahrenheit at least. We were heading towards the town of Sonoma and Napa Valley for some wine tasting, a far cry from the busy city that was San Francisco. Sonoma is regarded as the birthplace of California viticulture and the wine industry there is closely tied to the Spanish Missionaries that found San Francisco in 1823 and in fact it used to be the state capital for a while. The town itself was built around a square and it looked so clean and pristine, it was hard to comprehend that the city that never stands still was only forty miles away. Back on the road again and heading towards Napa Valley, I just sat there taking in the beautiful scenery, I really could not believe that a place could be so different. The divide between city and country really stood out in California and it was hard for me to decide which I liked the most. Just one main road went from Sonoma to Napa, with huge vineyards either side of the road it was easy to see why it was called ‘Wine Country’. The size of the vineyards amazed me; the plots of land and the size of their houses were huge. It really was something I had never seen before, well the English are not really well known wine makers so I suppose there has never been a chance for me to see it. A trip to Napa would not have been complete without a touch of wine tasting so our first stop was at the Sequoia Grove Ranch, a huge working ranch where you can pay five dollars for four tastes; two whites and two reds. The price of wine by the bottle anywhere in California is so expensive compared to England, even the Californian wine; therefore I did not make a purchase. The next visit was to the film director Francis Ford Coppola’s ranch, named Niebaum-Coppola. The sheer size of this vineyard was one to blow you away, the elegance and style which pour out of the buildings is remarkable. It was clear that somebody extremely rich owned this vineyard and it was also a small museum in honour of the film director since there were a lot of exhibits in the hallway. Lots of memorabilia from his films were hung in cabinets around the galleries and this to me made the experience of wine tasting more exciting, just knowing I was visiting in Francis Ford Coppola’s vineyard. It seems that the man has a lot to do with the state of California, obviously he has done a lot of work in Hollywood, but with his ranch in Napa and he has also shot one of his films in a downtown San Francisco diner which I visited later on in my trip. The film was called, ‘American Graffiti’, and was about teenagers growing up in the rock and roll era, but some of the scenes were set in Mel’s Diner on Mission Street, San Francisco. After leaving Napa we headed for the outlet stores. If there were something the American’s know how to do properly, it would be shopping. Because, there in the middle of the countryside was a huge outlet shopping mall, with every brand name you could ever imagine at extremely good prices. I thought it was just San Francisco that was built around shopping malls and boutiques, but I was wrong, since even in the country they still have time to build a huge mall. That is what I found whilst being in San Francisco for two weeks, most American’s do not like to stay at home, and they tend to go out more. Even after a day at work, it seems that they would rather go out for a meal than cook it at home and this was just the way of life for people in the city. Although according to some locals, American’s do not walk anywhere they drive to their destination or they travel on the local transport system. Not me though, I walked everywhere and I did not see the problem with it, I thought at first it may be because of the people on the streets, but they were no problem to me. I decided that it must be because American’s have got used to being lazy and taking the easy option, which in my view was probably more accurate. One thing was for sure; they certainly know good food when they taste it. That same night I headed into Chinatown for something to eat and I seriously could have been in China for all I knew, even the street signs were in Chinese. It was a very lively place, lights and noise wherever you turned. We were going to a restaurant called the ‘House of Nung Ho’ and the food was supposed to be out of this world. Whenever I have been to a Chinese restaurant in the past, there has always been a candle of the table, knives and forks wrapped up in a napkin, but when I arrived at the ‘House of Nung Ho’, I was not expecting it to be a cafi lit up with strip flourecsent lights. There was even a queue outside for this tiny back street cafi, a good sign I thought, but I was still a bit concerned that this was not the type of restaurant I had been expecting it to be. Once inside however, we had ordered our food and they cooked it right in front of me, with a bottle of ‘Tsingtao’ Chinese beer in my hand, I was looking forward to the food. After talking with the owner, he pointed out a framed picture on the wall of Jamie Oliver, the English chef. He had visited the ‘House of Nung Ho’ and had written a glorious review of the place in the local good food guide, and he was right, the food was delicious and it made me see that first appearances are not always what they seem. I am glad I decided to queue to get into the restaurant; it was well worth the wait. Unfortunately the good weather looked as though it had passed by the second week and it was clear that I was going to have to find something to do which meant that I would not be caught out in the rain. It had been suggested to me that I make a visit to the ‘Metreon’, which is a Sony Entertainment Centre. Home to a twelve screen cinema, an IMAX theatre and several gadget shops and restaurants, it did not even seem possible that I had walked past the building many time not realising what it was. Set within the financial district of San Francisco, the building is fairly inconspicuous surrounded by huge skyscrapers. Yet, once inside the building it is not easy imagining how I missed it. Hundreds of people crowding around games consoles waiting to try out a brand new game, a mile long queue for the cinema and the IMAX theatre, the place was heaving. I had never seen a place so busy, yet from the outside the building did not look like anything special. Those that wanted to escape the hubbub that was going on inside the ‘Metreon’, were sat quietly in the gardens that surrounded it. The Yerba Buena gardens provide tranquillity for the people who want to escape the noise of the city and just relax for an hour on their dinner break. I was beginning to see a likeness to New York within San Francisco, since the intercultural relations were more or less the same and Central Park offers New York the same sort of tranquillity that the Yerba Buena Gardens do to San Francisco. Yet, all the while that I was making these comparisons and finding similarities between the two, I found that San Francisco is far more relaxed and laid back than New York or any other city that I have visited. I do not know whether it is the people that live there or the way the city is governed, but for some reason laid back nature works for the city. Even the homeless make ends meet, they have their own community and get on with the life they lead, that is the one thing I wish had not bothered me if the first few days in the city. In the end I learnt not to expect anything during my trip, because it always turned out to surprise me and mainly in a good way. Previous visits to America had led me to believe that the American’s were extremely fake and narrow minded, yet whilst visiting San Francisco I saw no evidence of that. Maybe that is where the east and west coast divide tends to lie, since many holidaymakers from Europe mainly visit the eastern coast of America because it is closer. Tourism brings in a lot of money to the United States from Europe and maybe that is why they try so hard in places like Florida and New York to make you feel welcome; but it just comes across as being too pushy and fake. However, a city like San Francisco with its open-mindedness to sexuality, race and religion was going to be entirely different from the beginning and it certainly was. The whole temperament of the city flows like the water around it, calm and gentle yet perhaps a little rough around the edges. Overall, If I could have changed my trip for the better, I would have become a commuter for two weeks and stayed across from the city and travelled in if and when I wanted to. However, I am glad that I stayed right within the heart of the city and witnessed the good things and the bad, yet most of the time there was hardly any bad. From what I saw of California, I liked very much and would not hesitate to go back at any given chance. I think it is important to see more than one aspect of a country and given the chance I would like to explore the state much more thoroughly, perhaps visiting Steinbeck Country and Yosemite Valley. With enough time and money I think if you really want to explore California it can be done, but finding the above is not easy unfortunately. I recommend that San Francisco should be on everybody’s list of places to see before they die, it truly is a remarkable city and if its variety that you want, this place has it. How to cite San Francisco: The City that Never Sleeps, Papers

Death of Advertising free essay sample

The term Soap Opera was coined because of the advertisements of soap being broadcasted at regular intervals during the screening of popular drama series on television. Such was the power of advertising. Pop culture was influence to a large extent by the advertising campaigns started by different companies. Advertising verily was the backbone of marketing communications in the innocent times of the asss and asss where you could easily reach large audiences, both locally and nationally.With the invention of the television, a new medium was created for further proliferation of promotional messages and it created an avenue for a lot Of creativity and competition. As the communication media grew, so did the modes of advertising. Television, Radio, Billboards, and a host of other media eave beaming us enticing messages of myriad offerings and manufacturers are climbing over each other to get a piece of the sale pie. Things continue to be dynamic and changes in times and social culture and technology kept being a constant force in shaping the marketing strategy of any firm. And as we stand here, we have seen a shift in consumer preferences and needs. The same consumers from 1 0 years ago have developed a different set of needs, satisfying which is the main objective of the commercial world. Not to forget of course the new generation of consumers who drive the most radical of hanged. The world is increasingly becoming more and more individual oriented and every consumer wants to be treated as the only one.Companies now need to address the need of making the consumer feel like the products offered are made specially for him and an age of customization has been ushered in. In such a scenario, mass media advertising, targeted at numbers might not be the most successful option always. And of course with the advent of superior technologies and the dominance of Internet and the online life becoming more and more tangible, traditional advertising does take a blow in the head. A consumer is now termed as multi screen user, spending a majority of his waking hours in front of either computer, smart phone or TV screens whether for work or leisure. It is clear that due to growing individualistic culture and superior technologies, traditional advertising, which needs to engage the attention of a jaded population, is fast losing grip. Marketing is all about reaching the people wherever they are and creating awareness about a particular product and promoting a sale.However with the consumer presence shifting, the mode of marketing needs to be shifted and modified as well. TV advertising has long been given the major part of marketing budgets but with the economic slowdown worldwide and companies slashing their budgets and getting more discerning, ROI (return on investment) has become the phrase of the day. With consumers being bombarded with too many messages on W, the consumers have become choosier and can decide not to watch a particular message.As such the ROI would not be as desired by the companies, and so, the re-think in strategy starts. Annapolis (2001 ) points out a reason for the diminishing preference for TV advertising. He claims that advertisers are shifting communication budgets way from advertising supported media to other marketing venues such as direct response mail or event sponsoring, as a result of the declining quality of the audience measurement induced by the enlarged inter- and intra-media choice and the declining willingness of respondents to participate in audience panels.In general, the trend of withdrawing advertising budgets from traditional advertising is not new (Kim, Han, and Schultz 2004). The customization of products has changed marketing from mass marketing to a one on one approach, where direct personalized marketing has become more ND more important (Karaoke, Carson, and Kayak 1997). Besides the growing attention for personalized communication at the expense of mass marketing, TV advertising has other problems; namely increasing ad clutter that makes the effectiveness Of TV commercials doubtful (Lowery, Shrill_Jam, and McCarty forthcoming).Other traditional advertising such as Radio, Billboard and other modes have also commanded a portion of the marketing budgets. However these modes are marginal in comparison to television, Direct marketing, sponsorships, promotions and the newer online marketing. In Figure 1 . , we see the global marketing budgets by medium from Jan to Gag 2012. It is clear from the above that there is a marked decline in the traditional media of TV, press, radio, and outdoor displays. And a growing increase in digital/ online and mobile promotions are gaining more popularity over the world.There are plenty of alternatives to straightforward advertising, including a myriad of marketing and communications services, some of which are called below-the-line advertising. They range from public relations to direct mail, consumer promotions (such as coupons), in-store displays, business-to- equines promotions (like paying a retailer for shelf-space), telemarketing exhibitions, sponsoring events, product placements and more. (The Economist, 2004) Now two diametrically opposite disciplines of marketing channels emerge. Above the Line and Below the line.Above the line channels could be described as Measured Media TV/Radio/Print Advertising, Outdoor Advertising, Yellow Pages and Below the line as Direct mail, direct response broadcast, direct response print, event, interactive or promotional marketing. Direct marketing is being adopted by various companies to feed the nonusers need of personalized offerings. The Macmillan, maker of the no. 4 single malt Scotch whisky brand worldwide adopted it very successfully. They had a practice of sending calendars called mainlanders to their valued customers every year.But then they employed a direct marketing strategy of sending regular mailers to their database of regular customers and were followed by a marked increase in sales. (Direct marketing news, March 2003 And then there is the Internet, where a modern consumer no matter what his business or pursuit, spends most of his useful time. The internet has brought number of different ways to reach out to the population, in addition to straightforward promotional messages. Theres lots of ways to skin a cat today, says Scott Godson, founder of Strawberrys, an agency based in Amsterdam that specializes in international campaigns.While his firm still uses traditional media, such as TV and print, it is often in conjunction with other techniques, such as viral marketing. This means trying to spread the message by word of mouth-?still considered the most-powerful form of advertising. Sometimes that involves using the Internet for e-mail messages intonating jokes, film clips and games, which recipients are encouraged to pass along to friends. (The Economist, 2004). Fig. 1. 2 It is clear from the above data that new media are taking over marketing communications over the traditional advertising that was the most successful since the asss.Asia however is adopting the changes fairly slowly and steadily. The cultural differences between Asia and the rest of the world cannot be ignored. They are bought by tradition and although they are one of the most proficient developers of new technology and are one of the biggest consumers of the exultant technology, they are still not very eager adopters of the new age marketing media. Many Asian marketers and agencies are in digital denial over the effectiveness of earned media generated by social networks and blobs, a study has suggested. (XML Asia, May 2011).Traditional media advertising still holds an important place in the marketing budgets of the companies working in Asia due to the fact that culturally, Asians tend to hold on to some old practices and TV, Radio and even billboards are very much a part of their lives. Fig 1. 3 Allocation of marketing budgets 2011 6% Advertising Events public Relations Market Research Other Areas 201 1 Fig 1. 4 Allocation of Advertising budgets 2011 Traditional media (Print, T. V, Radio, Out of home) Non-Traditional media (Digital, Online, Email, Mobile, Social media, etc. However this doesnt mean that Asian homegrown companies do not employ any radical marketing change tactics to rejuvenate the market, compete and boost sales. An example of an Asian company which consistently re- invents itself and employs aggressive marketing tactics against its competitors is the Korean technology company, Samsung. It started off as a lesser-known manufacturer of black and white televisions, Vics and, microwaves, selling its products to original equipment manufacturers (Memos), which sold them under their own brand name.They evolved from there to becoming one of the most desired brands as classified by Businesslike. Samsung has been known to have made some major radical changes in their marketing strategies. They sat reed in 2002 with the advertising campaign, Digital- Everyones invited! This gave them a recognition and growing acceptance in the consumer market, to which they were relatively new. After the successful launch of its Digital campaign, they took their branding activities to the next level by launching a co marketing campaign with Warner Brothers blockbuster movie, The Matrix reloaded.The Samsung were featu red in the movie that led to them marketing limited editions of Samsung phones in select markets that gave the brand a further edge. In addition to branding activities, Samsung has been consistently sponsoring various sports events including the Olympics, over a number of years. In recent times realizing the traditional advertising and branding activities deed some more leverage to stand up to competition from massive giants like Apple, they took a very radical step.In April this year, Samsung hired a marketing agency in Australia to send groups of people to protest outside Apple stores, over various locations in Australia, asking them to Wake up! This campaign raised many eyebrows and got wide coverage from television and news agencies. This is an example of the extent to which companies will get imaginative in their marketing stunts in the competitive consumer world of the present. Going forward into aggressive times, peoples attention spans are getting hurter and shorter with so much new technology and so many things on their mind.In conclusion, the way the world is going, traditional advertising will not be dead- it definitely wont be. There will always be a need for traditional advertising; people still like to curl up with a good magazine, or watch TV with their families. They might move on to digital version, but surely not move away altogether. There is going to be a lot of integration between traditional and new media, and lot of radical ideas, like the one by Samsung discussed above. Its really hard to predict the future.

World War 2 Essay Example For Students

World War 2 Essay 1.1 HARRY S. TRUMAN THE BOMB A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY1.2 Robert H. Ferrell editor with commentary 1.3 High Plains Publishing Company, Inc. 1.4 19961.5 Chapters: 21, Pages: 1252.1 The title fits the story line because the story is about Trumans decision on dropping the atomic bomb. This is a non-fiction book that includes diary entries, letters, White House press releases, and handwritten notes by Truman. These documents are from 1945-1958 and are all related in the decision to drop the atomic bomb. 2.2 The authors points are that Truman used all available sources to help him make the decision of dropping the bomb (military advisors, scientists, what he saw in Germany) and he believed that dropping the atomic bomb saved lives. We will write a custom essay on World War 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2.3 Yes, I accept the authors thesis. I believe Truman used all his resources. For example he checked with the military for how many people would die if America would invade Japan. When Truman went to Berlin he saw total destruction and in his diary called it Hitlers folly. By using the casualty rates at Iwo Jima and Okinawa military experts estimated 500,000 American casualties if an invasion on the home island took place. This is much greater than the number of people killed by the atomic bomb. 3.1 The author is writing to Americans. 3.2 The author investigates if America was justified for dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. The author looks at the documents of the time period (diaries, letters, and memos), examines how the Japanese treated prisoners and conquered people, and looks at battle casualty rates. 3.3 The author is pro-American. When he wrote the intro he includes statements against the Japanese such as, The barbarities of the war had their beginnings in Japans war against ChinaBetween 100,000 to 200,000 people were killed by occupying troops for no reason at all except what may only be described as blood lust.(Pg1) Throughout the intro the author uses words such as countless horrors, sneak attack, maltreatment, and savagery to describe the Japanese and their behavior. 4.1 Robert H. Ferrell is Distinguished Professor of History, Emeritus Indiana University. Other books the author wrote include The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, Truman and the Modern American Presidency, and Harry S. Truman His Life on the Family Farms. 4.2 The book was written in 1996, using documents from the 1940s and 1950s. The author had plenty of access to the primary information. He wrote it 50 years after the event happened making him more objective than someone from the time period. 4.3 None, I all ready agree that Truman should have dropped the bomb because I believe that it saved more lives. 4.4 I would not recommend this book for pleasure reading because HARRY S. TRUMAN THE BOMB is made up of facts (letters, memos, documents, and diaries). I would recommend it to anyone who wants to know about why America dropped the atomic bomb. 5.1 The book covers from 1945 to 1958. 5.2 The action takes place all over the world mostly in the White House in Washington, D.C, the Potsdam Conference near Berlin, Germany, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico, and Japan. The setting is during World War II and soon after the war. 5.3 The author is a realist. In the book he talks about how if America did not drop the atomic bomb on Japan and used invasion that more men would die. Truman and leading officials of his administration looked upon nuclear warfare as a positive good rather than terrible savagery, there was the very real issue in the summer of 1945 of the cost of a U.S. invasion of the Japanese home islands. Whatever the historical one might describe as emotional reasons for getting back at Japan, there was the frightening cost of an invasion by the U. S. Army and Navy (pg. 3). 5.4 I think the structure of this book is chronological because of how the author put his chapters in order from 1945-1958. 6.1 The most notable thing that I liked was that after the war ended we helped Japan get back on there feet. Truman wrote, And in spite of the shot in the back, this country of ours, the United States of America, has been willing to help in every way the restoration of Japan as a great and prosperous nation (pg 115). 6.2 1. How would the story be told in the Japanese point of view?2. Did Harry S. Truman research every possible choice to end the war?3. Was there a better way than dropping the atomic bomb? 6.3 SummaryChpt.1 Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson to Harry S. Truman, April 24, 1945Stimson wrote to Truman to set up a meeting to tell Truman the details of the atomic bomb. .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .postImageUrl , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:visited , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:active { border:0!important; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:active , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Stem Cell Dilemma EssayChpt. 2 From the Presidents Diary, July 16After Germany surrendered Truman took a trip to Berlin and saw the city in ruin. He saw people of all ages out on the streets carrying possessions on there backs, kicked out of their homes by Russia conquers. Chpt. 3 Major General Leslie R. Groves to Secretary Stimson, July 18General Groves, Manhattan Project Commander, reports on the successful atomic test that took place at 5:30 A.M. on July 16, 1945. He mentions a lighting effect for a radius of 20 miles, a huge fireball, a mushroom cloud over 10,000 ft high, a crater with a diameter of 120 ft, and the destruction of a steel and concert tower (similar in size to a 20 story sky scraper) that was half a mile away from the blast. Chpt. 4 Cloud Drawings by Luis W. AlvarezLuis Alvarez, professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley drew what he saw at Alamogordo detonation. Drew the atomic mushroom cloud at different times between 5:30 5:42 A.M. Chpt. 5 From the Presidents Diary, July 17, 18, 25Truman met with Stalin and Churchill in Potsdam. Some of the things discussed were firing Franco, dividing Italian Colonies, how Russia would enter the war against Japan on August 15. Truman told Churchill about the atomic bomb, but only hinted at it to Stalin. Truman made a judgement about Stalin, I can deal with Stalin. He is honest, but smart as hell(pg 30). Truman also says that he glad that U.S.A. discovered the atomic bomb first, not Hitler or Stalins crowd(31). Chpt. 6 General Thomas T. Handy to General Carl Spaatz, July 25This letter tells General Spaatz, Commanding General United States Army Strategic Air Forces, that the atomic bomb would be dropped after August 3 on either Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki. Spaatz was order to take military and scientific observers to record the bombing and he was ordered not to give out any information. He was also ordered to hand deliver a copy of the letter to General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz. Chpt. 7 The Potsdam Declaration, July 26The Potsdam Declaration has 13 points. 1. Japan has opportunity to surrender. 2. Allies will keep fighting against Japan till they give up. 3. Resistance is futile if Japan dont surrender it will lead to utter devastation of Japanese home land. 4. Will Japan fallow Military Advisers or the path of reason. 5. Our terms are not negotiable. 6. All Leaders of Japan that deceived the people must lose their power. 7. Until Japan has met our requirements the allies will occupy Japan. 8. Japan will lose the islands that they conquered. 9. Japanese military will be disarmed. 10. War criminals will be punished. Democracy will be strengthened and the people will have freedom of speech, religion, and thought. 11. Japan will be allowed to have industry and world trade. 12. Occupying forces will leave Japan when goals are met. 13. Japan must now unconditionally surrender or face prompt and utter destructionUnfortunately The United States did not tell Japan about the Atomic bomb. So Japan was not willing to surrender. Chpt. 8 The President to His Wife, July 31Truman wrote to his wife from Potsdam at the end of the conference talking about how Stalin is stalling because he is not happy over English Elections and one of the main topics was War Reparations and Russia wants to be paidChpt. 9 White House Press Release, August 6The press release told Americans about the atomic bomb with detail about it. Also telling that they dropped one on Hiroshima 16 hours ago. Chpt. 10 War Department Press Release, August 6Stimson set out another press release about the atomic bomb giving more detail about it development and how it will make the war end quicker. Stimson tells how they had to keep it secrete because the enemy if American was told would try to steal it Chpt. 11 Leaflets Dropped on Japanese CitiesLeaflets were used in psychological warfare to scare the people out of the cities before dropping the second atomic bomb. Leaflets told them to leave their cities and surrenderChpt. 12 Senator Richard B. Russell to the President, August 7 and the Presidents Response, August 9Senator Russell was trying to influence Truman to not be lenient to Japan and dont warn them when we bomb their cities. He encourages Truman to destroy Japans resistance. They the American people believe that we should continue to strike the Japanese until they are brought groveling to their knees. We should cease our appeals to Japan to sue for peace. The next plea for peace sho uld come from an utterly destroyed Tokyo (pg. 69) Truman responds that the Japanese are terrible and cruel , but he refuses to act the same way that they do. Form nyself I certainly regret the necessity of wiping out whole populations because of the pigheadedness of the leaders of a nation and for your information, I am not going to do it unless it is absolutely necessary (pg. 69Chpt. 13 1Samuel McCrea Cavert to the President, August 9 and the Presidents Response, August 11Cavert writes Truman that Christians are deeply disturbed over the use of atomic bombs against Japanese cities. Truman replies that he is disturbed also but that the attack on Pearl Harbor and the horrible treatment of prisoners makes it so that we must treat the Japanese as beasts. When you have to deal with a beast, you have to treat him as a beast (pg. 72). .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .postImageUrl , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:visited , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:active { border:0!important; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:active , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Egoism EssayChpt. 14 Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt, March 25, 1945 and Subsequent CorrespondenceAlbert Einstein writes a letter of introduction for Dr. L. Szilard, a researcher of uranium. Dr. Szilard writes to the presidents secretary asking permission to make a petition, which was signed by 67 scientists, public. This petition asks that no atomic bomb would be dropped in Japan without warning the people first. Chpt. 15 Secretary Stimson to the President, September 11 and EnclosureStimson writes to Truman recommending sharing the atomic bomb with Russia even though the Soviet Union was still autocratic with few human rights. Some other people had wanted to only share the bomb after Russia gave more freedom to their people. Stimson believed that over time Russia would change. Chpt. 16 U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey, the Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June, 9, 1946This is a report on how the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected the morale of the Japanese people. Dropping the bomb did not demoralize Japanese civilians outside of the immediate area. It also did not affect the military leaders belief that they could continue the war and defend the home islands. It did give the peace movement the opportunity to push for surrender because the United States had the atomic bomb and Japan did not. No army without the weapon could resist an enemy who had it, thus saving face(pg. 86). The peace movement could overcome the military objection to surrender because Japan could now save face. Chpt. 17 Carl T. Compton Article and the President to Compton, December 16Compton wrote an article that appeared in the Atlantic Monthly that defends dropping the atomic bomb. He argues that dropping the bomb was not inhumane because conventional bombing of Tokyo actually killed more people than dropping the atomic bomb. He also argues that even though Japan was already beaten they were not willing to stop fighting and that by using the atomic bomb the war ended sooner saving hundreds of thousands of lives. Truman replied thanking him for such a sensible articleChpt. 18 Selected White House Memoranda, 1952-1953Cates, professor at the University of Chicago who was writing a history of the army, writes to Truman asking for specific information on why he made the decision to drop the atomic bomb. The presidents aids recommend that the president give the information to Cates and the president replies listing his reasons that he ordered the bomb to be dropped. Chpt. 19 Interview with Former President Truman, 1955Hillman and Royce, assistants to Truman in writing his memoirs, interview Truman about dropping the atomic bomb. They ask if he did it for psychological reasons. The president states, I ordered it for military reasons and for no other reasons, to save the lives of a great many of our soldiers, thats all I had in mind (pg. 110). Chpt. 20 Tsukasa Nitoguri to Former President Truman, March 1, 1958 and the Presidents Response, March 12Edward Murrow interviewed Truman on television and Truman said using the atomic bomb was better than invading because it saved more lives and in the future it might be used again. The Chairman of The Hiroshima Council wrote to Truman about that the People of Hiroshima are against using the atomic bomb ever again. Truman replied listing his reason for using the bomb and placing the responsibility on the Japanese because of their actions at Pearl HarborChpt. 21 Handwritten Notes by Former President Truman, 1958Truman in his notes wants a world police force to maintain peace in the world and the Untied Nations to control nuclear energy. The reason Truman wants this things BibliographyHarry S. Truman The BombAmerican History World War 2 Essay Example For Students World War 2 Essay VOLUNTEERISM AND ETHICSShelters for Abused and Homeless WomenWhat to do? The issue of abused and homeless women is one that has recently been brought to the forefront of social issues in Pakistan. Abuse, most often begins after marriage. According to local traditions, once a girls baraat (wedding procession) enters the husbands house, only her janaza (funeral pyre) should leave. Loyalty and devotion to the husband and his family come above every thing else. When family support is pulled away, the girl is then at the mercy of her husband. This total control of the girls life sometimes leads to her death. Often times it leads to abuse. The girl cannot return to her fathers house for fear of dishonoring him and so continues to suffer. In some cases she may chose to run away therefore igniting her husbands anger that then is left with no choice put to pursue and kill her to redeem his honor. There are very few shelters, which will take in runaway women. These shelters besides being few i n number are also run on a small scale often equipped to handle visitors for short periods of time. No real constructive assistance is given to the battered women. We will write a custom essay on World War 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With USD 1 million, I would open a large hostel for women in need of protection. Inside the compound there will be a polytechnic/ educational institute to provide them an education, guidance and counseling for their emotional health, law firm to handle legal matters and a nursery primary school for their children. Putting the $$$$ to use: Opening a shelter in a major city is like putting a bandage on a large wound. Most women housed in shelters are semi-literate if at all and with little or no skills. In order to make them into productive citizens a polytechnic/ womens school/college should be opened inside the compound for security reasons and to avoid transport issues. This building should also contain guidance and counseling service to look after their emotional health. A nursery and primary school should be available for women who were accompanied by young children. A law firm, which does not have to be located inside the compound, be available to take care of their legal matters. Why would I do it and how do I justify it? Living in a mans world is difficult enough for women in Europe and America. Women in Pakistan face even more discrimination. Women rejected by society are pushed to the very bottom of the food chain. With an able body and an active mind, they can contribute to society and become productive members. Providing a shelter will meet their basic needs of food, clothing and a roof over their head. Giving them an education will enable them to become independent and chalk out a future for themselves.Seeing to their emotional needs will go a long way in making them into whole people again. If accompanied by a child, looking after the child will provide them the support they would have received at home. And to make legal assistance available to them will give them a better sense of security. Once a women decides it is time for her to leave the shelter, ready to go out to make a life, all aspects should be in proper order to ensure a successful second chance.

Chalcolithic Culture in the Levant essays

Chalcolithic Culture in the Levant essays The origins of Chalcolithic (approximately 4300-3300 BCE) culture in the Levant are debatable. Arguments exist that the culture developed locally as well as that the culture was intrusive introduced by immigrants to the region. While valid claims can be made for both sides, it is far more reasonable to surmise that Chalcolithic culture formed due to a combinative effect. Certain forms of pottery and methods of working copper show an Iranian influence which may have reached the Levant via Mesopotamia. To say that Chalcolithic culture was entirely intrusive would, however, be premature. The unique nature of Chalcolithic tradition, art and technology does not lend itself to such simple explanation. It would be more feasible to deduce that the advancements made during the Chalcolithic period were brought about by an assimilation of immigrant and indigenous cultures and technologies. While a number of important technological, economic, and social changes may have occurred during this period in the Levant, the most distinguishing feature of Chalcolithic culture was the advancement in copper working. In fact, the name of the period, Chalcolithic, is based on the fact that some dig sites show widespread use of copper; the prefix chalco is based on the Greek word chalcos which translates to copper. Artifacts show that mining and metallurgical skills advanced greatly, as evidenced by copper objects from the Nahal Mishmar Cave of the Treasure which were very skillfully crafted using the lost-wax technique. Copper mines in the Wadi Feinan area of Jordan, south of the Dead Sea, seem to have contributed to the availability of the metal while sites such as Shiqmim show evidence for copper working scattered across much of the site, perhaps indicating that it was a household craft industry. Though copper work was the most defining facet of Chalcolithic culture, other adv a...

The effect of diffrent Concentrations of Auxin on pinto seed stem Research Paper

The effect of diffrent Concentrations of Auxin on pinto seed stem ilongation - Research Paper Example The experiment conducted by students to examine the effects of different concentration of auxin to the growth of pinto beans showed that regardless of the level of auxin used in each experiment, auxin caused retarded growth to pinto bean seeds. Introduction According to Bewley (1057), growth hormones have different effects on plants depending on the nature of the plants, quantity of the hormones used, type of the hormones and the part of the plant in which the hormones are in contact with. This knowledge has enabled those growth hormones or auxin to be used for different purposes in crop husbandry and have enabled plants to react to the external stimuli that would otherwise cause harm to the plant (Lucia, et.al, 153). The student carried out an experiment in order to examine the effect of different auxin concentrations on elongation of the stem of pinto beans. In the experiment, the student selected fifteen beans picked indiscriminately (Thimann, & Lane, 541). The student divided the seeds into three groups of five seeds each and planted each group in a separate pot. The first pot acted as trial experiment and was watered with plain water without any auxin. In the second pot, 500ppm concentration of the auxin was added to the water while in the third pot a different auxin concentration of 500ppm was added to the water used for watering the seed. ... The outcome observation varies from plant to another and depends on the amount of auxin used in each case. Methods In our Plant Independent Investigation, the experiment was set up by labeling three pots, â€Å"tap water†, â€Å"500 ppm auxin†, and â€Å"5000 ppm auxin†. Each of the pots was filled with the same amount of soil (filled 1 inch to the brim). A total of 15 red kidney beans were randomly selected from the seed packet and 5 seeds were planted on each pot. The seeds were buried in the soil with only the tip exposed. The seeds were labeled 1-5 on a piece of tape wrapping around the exterior of each pot. Each pot was watered with 35 ml of tap water. In addition to the tap water, 5 squirts of the 500 ppm auxin were squirted onto each of the 5 seeds in the pot labeled â€Å"500 ppm auxin†. In the pot labeled â€Å"5000 ppm auxin†, 5 squirts of 5000 ppm auxin were squirted onto each of the 5 seeds. In the third pot, only tap water was used and no auxin at all. The team members measured stem growth in plants each day for seven days. The height of stem growth was measured for all 15 plants and recorded in the data table. The plants were watered with 35 ml of tap water daily and given their appropriate solution treatment. The plants in the control pot only received the 35 ml of tap water. The plants in the â€Å"500 ppm auxin† pot received 35 ml of tap water and 5 drops (per seed) of 500 ppm auxin. The plants in the â€Å"5000 ppm auxin† pot received 35 ml of tap water and 5 drops (per seed) of 5000 ppm auxin. For this experiment, a statistical examination was conducted in the form of a t-test (Richard, 63). The t-test compares the growth means of each of the samples to the control (DI water). Therefore, the red kidney bean plants

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Immigration - Essay Example While some argue that the migrants are adversely affecting the economy as the inequality between the rich and poor has widened, it is strongly believed that any reforms to drive these migrants would disrupt the economy as the wages would rise and both the employers and the migrants would suffer. Immigrants and low-skilled immigrant workers are concentrated in a few states and in those states, in a few metropolitan areas (Chiswick, 2006). Immigrants are usually drawn to expanding cities particularly to cities with historical enclaves of earlier immigrants (Card, 2007). There is an unbalanced skill distribution and it has been observed that high-immigration cities have more low-skilled people in their local population. America is not being overrun by immigrants. The immigrants residing in the US make up for only one percent of the American population. Besides, the migrants do not enter the country illegally. Most enter legally but overstay on student or visitor visa (Cole, 1994). This only demonstrates the flaws in the US administration. Moreover, immigrants do not fill jobs but create jobs. They do not take the jobs from the Americans and there is no evidence to support this view. In fact the immigrants start their own businesses and employ both immigrants and natives. Chiswick argues that immigrants are localized and concentrated in certain areas but the jobs that migrants perform are still being done in other areas or states and a large number of these low-skilled workers are native to the United States (Chiswick, 2006). The census of 2000 shows that males between 25 and 64 years employed that year, of those with less than a high school diploma, 64% were born in the US and 36% were foreign born. Even those that have graduated from high school have not acquired any other skills essential for higher earnings and there are no low-skill jobs that American workers would or would not do. This only

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example sly existed between countries of various parts of the world and has thereby paved the way for economic development through the process of creation of internal and domestic demand for products and services of international brand, quality, design and stature. It is of considerable importance to state that the need of economic development has led to the process of opening up of economies around the world. The emergence of new and developing economies around the globe has played a catalytic role in the process of increasing the level of competition in the marketplace. So quite naturally, this has led to the process of increasing the demand for standardised and high quality goods and services in regions all over the world. In an attempt to maintain a level of standardization, the services sector all over the world has focused on implementing various new tools and strategies that considerably helps in the process of developing a significant benchmark of service delivery and retaining of authentic quality. With the growth, penetration and continuous evolution of technology, the global services sector has broadened its extension to delivering services to clients who are located in various parts of the world. It is of significant importance to state that in an attempt to do so, the services sector has increasingly embedded the technology platform as a medium of delivery in their entire service delivery model. It can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is part of the highly popular brand of hotel chain which is trademarked by the group Hilton Worldwide. The hotel offer hospitality sector based service offerings, which are found to be falling within the category of mid-range pricing. The hotel and its esteemed services are mostly targeted consumers all over the world, who essentially form the segment of business men and leisure travellers. Talking in a more detailed manner, it can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is a part of the independently operating chain

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay These characteristics of civilization shows that the emergence of civilization significantly stabilized the social life and the course of history, created the conditions for the accumulation of historical experience and, of course, contributed to a more productive development of culture.  Now certain people or a community of people can protect their cultural achievements, to keep statements about his past recordings, rather than relying on an unstable human memory and the fragility of individual lives.   However, it becomes clear that the notion of civilization do not coincide with the notion of culture: civilization as it concentrates mainly those aspects of social life, which maintained a technical component of the culture, not its semantic foundation.   Of course, the concept of Spengler is too radical to review aspects of interaction of culture and civilization.  Real their relationship is, of course, much more complicated.  Civilization, in the first place, and there may be only on the basis of certain cultural achievements, in this sense, it really appears virtually identical culture.  But at the same time it differs from culture as their functions and target orientation.  Does not coincide with the culture, civilization is an important stimulus for socio-historical form of culture.  The interests of culture and civilization, and indeed may oppose each other, and such periods have been observed in human history.   Anyway, culture and civilization appear in two different sides of human social and historical existence, and their opposition, but also the mutual stimulation are normal.   Today the concept of civilization is often used to determine the achieved level of social development, as well as a certain level of functioning of culture in all its components.  In other words: civilization is a level of state and society, which are inherent in the high rise of culture and its effective functioning of all branches of life of society.   Modern civilization, often referred to as post-industrial forms its own culture, which has its own distinctive features, notably the high level of science, engineering and technology.  However, the above-mentioned features of modern civilization has brought to humanity not only positive changes.  The most important negative consequence of the emergence of so-called global problems of modern civilization due to the fact that the human, technical and production activities in its scope has reached the size of planetary processes.  Globalization, as a characteristic tendency of our time and gradually promotes the fusion of different cultures into a single mass culture.   However, Noosphere culture contradictory: she gave the man an unprecedented comfort and features, but relentlessly robs people of their natural beginning and thus deprives them of a certain future.  This contradiction is not only a source of hope and expectation, but also great concern over the future of man and mankind. So, on the bases of civilization arises as a set of forms that stabilize society; between culture and civilization formed a complex, contradictory system of mutual interaction.  One of the manifestations of these contradictions have become global problems of modern post-industrial civilization in nature.   The existence of different approaches to the definition and origin of civilization is caused by different content that is embedded in its interpretation.  In accordance with the contents of the essence of Civilizations and the criteria for its evaluation, determined the type of civilization.  Despite the diversity of existing views on civilization, the scientists were unanimous in relation to such of its important characteristics: 1) the formation of the state, and 2) the emergence of writing, 3) Department of Agriculture from crafts, 4) stratification of society into classes, and 5) the emergence of cities.  The presence of the first two traits nearly all recognize as compulsory, and the need for other frequently refers in doubt.Even if we take into account the first three features, they are already characterize the civilization as a socio-cultural and economic center.  The emergence of writing indicates the possibility to record information rather than store it in memory, a nd characterizes the separation of mental from physical labor, which made it possible to concentrate the efforts of individual groups of people on the development of art and different forms of positive knowledge.  The city is a cell, around which dominated primitive forms of social life of the nomadic tribes.  They perform specific functions in society: there were the centers of agricultural production, handicrafts, trade, ideology, ideological outpost.  It was during the era of the first civilizations systematized and centralized the ideological sphere, has a really strong spiritual influence on the masses, forming a geocentric type of social consciousness.  This is confirmed by the attractions of monumental architecture (huge palaces, pyramids, monuments), which showed strong production potential of society, make them.   Principled position of scientists of the Soviet period was the selection of formation types of civilization: ancient oriental despotisms, slave, feudal, bourgeois society.  This approach differed from the views of many Western scholars, who mainly rely on the concept of Arnold Toynbee, which explains both the course of development of all human cultures, applying the concept of civilization to the peculiarities of the development of peoples and cultures of different regions and countries.  [1, s.350]   Civilizational approach has been widely used in studies of historical and cultural-historical typology.  In this case, we can distinguish three approaches in the interpretation of the concept of civilization: a locally historic, historical, stadial, and world-historical.   Among the supporters of the local-historical approach there is no unanimity on the question of how many civilizations have been in the past and how many they are now.   N. Danilevskiy singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian-Babylonian-finikiyskugo, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, Germanic-Romance (European) and Slavic.  Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   In Arnold Toynbee in the pre-classification, there are a number of companies of one kind, which, as historian wrote, called civilizations: Egyptian, Andean, Chinese, Minoan, Sumerian, manyanskoe, Syrian, Indies, Hittite, Hellenistic, Orthodox Christian (in Russia  ), the Far East (Korea and Japan), Orthodox Christian (mainly), the Far East (mainly), Iranian, Arab, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatan, Babylonian.   In a more condensed classification Toynbee identified, but the western world, Christian Orthodox, or Byzantine Society, located in South-Eastern Europe and Russia, Islamic society , concentrated in the arid zone (the region of arid steppes, deserts and semi-desert)  passing diagonally across North Africa and the Middle East from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Wall of China, Hindu society in the tropical subkontinentalyyuy India to the south-east of the arid zone, Far Eastern society in the subtropical and temperate areas between arid zone and the Pacific Ocean.   This classification of civilizations was the basis for the concept of L. Vasilyev, who identified five contemporary civilizations: Western Europe, Russian, Islamic, Indo-Buddhist and Confucian.   X.  White, using tropologichesky approach identified four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   As part of the historical and stadial approach depending on the choice of any axiomatic criteria identify different types of civilizations.  In modern literature, for example, are considered types such as oral, written, book and screen, cosmogenic, technological and man-made, traditional and modern, evolutionary and innovative civilization.   However, in most cases, historical and stadial studies used a technocratic approach, based on which secrete an agrarian (pre-industrial), manufacturing (industrial) and information (post-industrial) civilization (Rostow, Daniel Bell, Toffler).   Agrarian civilization a society with a primitive agricultural production, hierarchical social structure and authority belonging to landowners, the church and the army as a major social institutions.   At the time, N. Kondratiev, studying the cycles of economic conditions, came to the conclusion that they are changing every 40-50 years.  These half century Kondratiev cycles considered as part of the cycle of civilization, which continues on his calculations about 200-300 years.   In Origins of history and its purpose (1949) Jaspers identified in social development are four cut: Prehistory, great historical culture of antiquity (local history), axial age (the beginning of World History),   the era of technology (the transition to a unified world history Danilevsky N. singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Phoenician, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, German-Romanesque  (European) and Slavic. Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   X.  White, using a topological approach, outlined four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   In a direct clash between two types of civilized development, Eastern and Western, at a time when the power of the state was determined by techno-economic and political-military advantage, we found a clear superiority of European civilization.  This gave birth in the minds of European intellectuals of the illusion of inferiority of the Eastern world, in the wake of which emerged the concept of modernization as a way of familiarizing inert East to civilization.  On the other hand, in the East against the Europeans almost until the end of the XIX century.  the conception of the vast moral and ethical superiority of Eastern civilization, that of western barbarians borrow nothing, except the machine technology.  [2, s.366]   Considering the classification of civilizations, scholars Orientalists believed that it was divided into two tree East and West, have their own, unique ways of development, of which natural and normal recognizes the east, while west is regarded as a mutation bias.  Other scholars have also offered to share all of civilization into two types, but give them a different interpretation: one of them manmade declares a characteristic of Western Europe, and the second psychogenic to Eastern countries, example of which is Indian civilization of the past.   Thus, many authors of the concept of culture and civilization divided and even opposed.  To include the field of spirituality, culture (ideas), and to civilization the result area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the material (things).  Civilization was treated as a material unit of culture.  Argues that culture is dying and snikaet before the triumph of civilization.Common and different interpretation of civilization, when it is presented as general characteristics of the historically specific types of sociality and culture.  In this case civilization is understood as a certain degree of social history, the continued development of peoples and the world in general, determined by cash condition of the social structure and spiritual world.  The most concise definition of civilization is this: Civilization socio-cultural complexes, folding at different times in different regions of the earth and bearing the features of the social and cultural identity.  That is why the common expression the Inca civilization, Greek civilization, ancient civilization, modern civilization, etc. [3, p.83]     Today the problem of Civilizations aims to researchers such problems whose solution requires a scientific approach and philosophy well conceived.  These problems are primarily such as the nature of the crisis experienced by individual cultures, particularly Western culture, the future of the Western world, strengthening of cultural identity and the resurgence of nationalism, the ratio of the modern man of religion, technology, science, the relationship between East and West, etc.     In developing a definition of civilization and the evaluation of specific civilizations, much depends on the position of the researcher.  Among the most representative theories of civilizations theory is primarily AJ. Toynbee, who continues the line of N. Danilevsky and Spengler.     His theory may be regarded as the culminating point in the development of theories of local civilizations.  Monumental study of Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, many scientists recognize a masterpiece of historical and macrosociological science.  Another of his work entitled Civilization before the court of history is devoted mainly on the clash of civilizations in the modern era.   In the study, Study of History on the basis of in-depth study of the colossal facts of world history Toynbee attempt to rethink the trends of socio-historical development of mankind in the spirit of local civilizations.  Ideas, concepts, definitions, facts, countries and peoples, past and future merge in a complex pattern, but rather points to the presence of a mystery than giving clarity and consistency of past events.   In his studies, Arnold Toynbee also believed that civilization has certain types of human communities, causing certain associations in the field of religion, architecture, art, morals, customs in short, a culture.   Unlike Spengler, who was absolutely not interested in any other culture than their allocated eight great, as historian Arnold Toynbee is concerned to describe all of the historically existing civilization.   In a comparative study of civilizations Toynbee examines and describes six representatives of the species five living and one dead and two groups of relics.As a result, a more detailed analysis revealed thirteen representatives.   Lets try to briefly address some of these types of societies.   1.  Orthodox Christian community.   * Toynbee AJ. A Study of History.  Moscow, 2002, pp.  45.     6   Orthodox Christian community, like the Western Christian, is in the filial relationship with the Hellenic society, and hence the conclusion is that one society may be in the paternal relatives relationships with several different companies.To understand how this is possible, let us turn to the geographical factor.   The rod axis of the Orthodox Christian world has its origin in the center of the Hellenic world, in the Aegean Sea.  Expansion of the Orthodox Christian community was not in a straight line: in the north-east, it initially established in Georgia, and later it passed through the Caucasus Mountains, reaching Alanya, where he was discovered out in the great Eurasian steppe, in the northwest, it swept the Balkans.  Orthodox Christianity spread, and along the transverse axis, which crosses the main axis of Constantinople.  Sea route brought Orthodox Christianity to the paternal Hellenic Society.  Differentiation of the Western and Orthodox Christianity gave rise to two different societies.  One Chrysalis Catholic Church formed two independent organism: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church *.   Iranian and Arab society.  Next living society Islamic.  Appeal to the sources of his stories is the discovery of the universal state (Baghdad Abbasid Caliphate), the universal church (Islam) and the movement of tribes (the movement of Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Great Steppe, etc.).  Detected and signs of paternal society.  The Islamic Society was born on the territory of the Asian highlands, forming gradually a number of independent states, from which comes almost all the States of the modern Islamic world.  Two of the Islamic Society of filial one more akin to the old society, which is beyond the visible historical horizon.   1.2.  The concept of culture   The text of chapter   2.  Classification of Civilizations   2.1.  Civilization in Toynbee   Understand the history of a country, it is usually impossible without considering its relations and interactions with other countries.  To explain the event in its history, it is necessary to compare them with what is happening in other countries.  But this does not imply that the study of the history of any country should take the whole world and all history of mankind.  For example, a historian studying the history of Kievan Rus, it is necessary to consider its relations with the Byzantine Empire: without this, it is impossible to explain where, how and why the spread in Russia of Orthodox Christianity, which even now is a bridge between the Slavic and East European nations.  During the formation of civilization, as a conglomerate of countries with common historical, cultural, racial, linguistic and spiritual bonds should be paid to the special role of religious and philosophical teachings, because  their dissemination contributes to the expansion of the civilization in w hich these teachings are fundamental.   Thus, we can conclude that:   1.  Civilization is a society that far exceed the national government not only territory but also the duration of its existence;   2.  their culture with greater length, both in space and in time than the national state, city, state, or any other political alliances *.  Indeed, the historian, while remaining within its boundaries, should be able to understand all aspects of social life not only politically and economically, and culturally, which is the most profound and fundamental.  Therefore, the field of historical study covers a rather broad spatial-temporal region, which houses the society, which is able to consist of a set of states.  This society is a complete historical education, which is the social atom the basic unit of the story: Society, not the state is a social atom , which should focus its attention historian **.   Society of this type Toynbee called civilization.  Each civilization is a closed and independent from the other world.  Of course, completely isolated from external influences of civilization, apparently does not exist.  Yet each of them has relative autonomy, sufficient to allow for analysis of its history to abstract from the influence on it from other civilizations.   Geographical boundaries of the area occupied by any civilization, may change over time.  But none of the surveyed companies do not cover the whole of humanity, does not extend to the entire inhabited earth, and has no peer among the societies of its kind, our Western society, for example, is not perceived as something whole, while Hellenic Society, being one of the original members of the societies  species has not reached its maturity *.  World history is the history of different civilizations, coexisting alongside each other.   The duration of a single civilization more than the lifetime of any single nation, but at the same time, less than the time allotted to humanity as a whole.  It makes Toynbee to address the question of the continuity of history.  He distinguishes between on the one hand, a continuous sequence of phases of the history of the same civilization (similar to the periods of the life of an individual), while the other a continuous relationship over time between different civilizations (which resembles the relationship between parents and their children).  It is obvious that in the second case when filial-paternal continuity continuity in the development of societies is considerably weaker.   But nevertheless, it is like genetic inheritance determines the similarity of cultures.   2.2.  Civilization by Samuel Huntington   According to Huntington, a civilization is the cultural community of the highest rank, as the broadest level of peoples identity, which is determined by the presence of common features of the objective order, as well as subjective self-identification of people.  Divide by civilization probation.  And until now, according to Huntington, nation-states play a major role in global geopolitics, but the behavior of the system and the international orientation of these states are easier to control and predict, if conditionally divide the world on how communities.According to Huntington the creation of these communities (civilization) is meaningful only when using the culture (ie set of spiritual and material values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹created by this civilization, as well as the ability to play them) as the main factor, that is, combining all the civilization of countries belonging  to certain cultures.  Of course, you can not talk about full of cultural identity of any two different human communities.  When considering the two different human communities identified as belonging to one particular culture, one can not see the distinct cultural differences between them, but there is a third community, belonging to a completely different culture, which differ radically from both.  Here is the principle of separation of civilizations, thats a practical explanation of the Huntington: A village in southern Italy for its culture may be different from the same village in Northern Italy, but they remain the name of Italian villages, they should not be confused with the German.  In turn, European countries have common cultural traits that distinguish them from the Chinese or the Arab world.   Civilization defined by the presence of common objective features (history, language, religion ) and direct subjective self-identification of people of this civilization, and it (identity) can vary over time, resulting in change and civilization.  Therefor e it is impossible to speak of a monolithic civilizations, they themselves may consist of several nation-states may stratify at each other, include subtsivilizatsii.  Due to certain reasons the different community (they can be called ethnic groups) may be culturally dissociate from each other at such a distance that they would be easier and fairer to call different civilizations.  Particularly striking example of this a selection of Japanese Civilization: Japan, as is known, has its roots in China and Southeast Asia, but culturally evolved on the other hand, different from their branches, resulting in Japan now and is considered as a separate civilization.Huntington defines civilization as the broadest level of cultural identity people.  The next level unlike humanity from other creatures.  Due to the dimensions of civilization in the world today has 8.7 Huntington civilizations, covering the whole inhabited world.  These civilizations: Western (western Europe and North America), Latin (includes South and Central America), Africa (central and some southern and northern Africa. Huntington calls it as a contender for the title of civilization), Islamic (Part of the northern  Africa, Central Asia and part of Southeast Asia), Orthodox (Shes Russian, East European and East-Christian. Eastern Europe, Siberia. According to Huntington on the verge of extinction), Hindu (Part of South Asia), Confucian  (it is Chinese. China and South-east of mainland Asia) and Japanese civilization.  These civilizations exist at the moment, but of course there were other civilizations, and probably will be others.Civilization is not constant in the development and existence, that is, civilization can survive the period of prosperity, birth, decay, death, etc.  In total, according to Huntington (he refers to Toynbee) and 21 can speak of civilization.   3.  Clash of Civilizations   3.1.  Scientific concept of Samuel Huntingtons clash of civilizations   In the summer of 1993 in the journal  «Foreign Affairs », published an article by Samuel Huntington, entitled The Clash of Civilizations?.  Then this article caused a great stir throughout the world.  In this article, Huntington put forward his vision for peace after the Cold War, the basic idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹which was that the main players in the global arena now will not state and government, and civilization, which may comprise up to several tens of states.  The main causes of wars will be no economic or political interests, cultural clashes.  Ideology, which had great significance in the XX century gives way to culture as the main dominant global geopolitical processes.  Border confrontation between different blocks will be determined not belonging to any of the three worlds and belonging to a particular culture, community.   Huntington believed that he created a system of world development and international relations the concept of clash of civilizations is the final phase of the stadial development of global conflicts in modern times.  After the Thirty Years War (1618-1648 gg.) And the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, which issued the modern international system in Europe, both western and eastern, conflicts unfolded mainly between the rulers of states, seeking to multiply the strength of their country in all possible ways,  including through the accession of new lands.   As a result of this process have formed a sufficiently powerful state, then became national.  In connection with the modernization of society and as a consequence of the states themselves have themselves become a nation determines the course of policy, both foreign and domestic.  For a point of transition takes Huntington in 1793, the French Revolution.  This way the global geopolitical persisted until the end of World War II.  With the end of World War I and the completion of the revolutions in Russia and Germany, the clash of nations has given way to a conflict of ideologies.  The main players on the world scene now became three ideological camps Liberalistichesky, communist and nationalist.  After the Second World War and the defeat of Germany started a fight between two ideologies: communism and liberal democracy, or so-called cold war.  Neither the USSR nor the United States were a nation-state in the classic sense of the term, so that conflict is none other than the conflict of ideologies.   Huntington believes that all of the above described stages in the development of peace and international relations is the civil wars of the West, because a detailed examination of each stage can be seen a tendency to absolutism and without the enormous role of the West (Europe, primarily) in all world conflicts.Absolute apogee of the West in the global geopolitical space came in today and requires permission.  The situation predicted more Spengler in his book The Decline of Europe and now the West is ready to give up a lot in order to maintain the current, lose influence in the world, in particular the West is ready to waive part of its ideology.  One of these victims may be called the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Eurocentrism, which is increasingly giving way to other approaches consider the historical and geopolitical processes in the world.  The concept of Clash of Civilizations is one such concessions in the continuation of Western domination in the earths po litics.  Evidence, albeit indirect, for this is probably not fully voiced in Huntingtons treatise, but a very practical purpose of this theory: to improve the process of forecasting the geopolitical situation to conduct a successful policy of jogging civilizations with each other and forcing a civilization for destructivethese situations, which should preserve the primacy of Western influence.   3.2.  Is it possible to prevent a clash of civilizations?   This question has always been relevant, but now, with the expansionary impending war in the Middle East, especially.  Huntingtons opinion:   The most important conflicts of the future will unfold along the fault lines between civilizations.  He cites a series of arguments, explaining his theory:   The culture of any civilization is unique.  It has its own cultural achievements, such as language, history, tradition, religion and the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹expressed in the relations between human society and state, God. Because of this strong cultural differentiation, which does not disappear in the foreseeable future, there is greater likelihood of conflict  especially along the lines of contact between civilizations, which can escalate into conflicts, including the global.  Huntington believes that all the worst conflict in human history have been bred specifically the differences between civilizations.   Contacts between Civilizations deeper and more frequent.  As a consequence, against the backdrop of visible differences between civilizations, the cultural identity of representatives of these civilizations is enhanced.  Under this culture is the dominant force in modern geopolitics.   The economic and social development, people are starting to move away from self-identification of himself with a place of residence and country of residence.  In place, the role of religion in the identity of people increases, so that the process of desekulyarizatsii society in the world at large.   Huntington believes that the West (the U.S., especially) is now at the peak of its power, and it boosts civilization back to its roots   With increasing level of intra-regional economy grows and the value of links between regions.  But this relationship is most successful when community civilizations.  Since the intra-connection between parts of one civilization is rapidly being established and strengthened, in contrast to the regional relations between civilizations, where cultural differences can become an insurmountable obstacle.Huntington believes that there are two levels of conflict of civilizations.  The first the microlevel, where the conflict occurs between the parts of individual civilizations for territory and power.  And the second level the macro-level, where the struggle is to dominate the world on military, political and economic parameters, to extend its influence as widely as possible.   Huntington, however, still recognize the primacy and uniqueness of Western civilization (especially the impact of the U.S.) with respect to all the others: In a world where there is no rule of the United States will be more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than in the world,  where the United States continues to affect more to address global issues than any other country.  Sustained international primacy of the United States is most important to the welfare and safety of Americans and for the future of freedom, democracy, open economies and the international order on the ground.