World War 2 Essay Example For Students

World War 2 Essay 1.1 HARRY S. TRUMAN THE BOMB A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY1.2 Robert H. Ferrell editor with commentary 1.3 High Plains Publishing Company, Inc. 1.4 19961.5 Chapters: 21, Pages: 1252.1 The title fits the story line because the story is about Trumans decision on dropping the atomic bomb. This is a non-fiction book that includes diary entries, letters, White House press releases, and handwritten notes by Truman. These documents are from 1945-1958 and are all related in the decision to drop the atomic bomb. 2.2 The authors points are that Truman used all available sources to help him make the decision of dropping the bomb (military advisors, scientists, what he saw in Germany) and he believed that dropping the atomic bomb saved lives. We will write a custom essay on World War 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2.3 Yes, I accept the authors thesis. I believe Truman used all his resources. For example he checked with the military for how many people would die if America would invade Japan. When Truman went to Berlin he saw total destruction and in his diary called it Hitlers folly. By using the casualty rates at Iwo Jima and Okinawa military experts estimated 500,000 American casualties if an invasion on the home island took place. This is much greater than the number of people killed by the atomic bomb. 3.1 The author is writing to Americans. 3.2 The author investigates if America was justified for dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. The author looks at the documents of the time period (diaries, letters, and memos), examines how the Japanese treated prisoners and conquered people, and looks at battle casualty rates. 3.3 The author is pro-American. When he wrote the intro he includes statements against the Japanese such as, The barbarities of the war had their beginnings in Japans war against ChinaBetween 100,000 to 200,000 people were killed by occupying troops for no reason at all except what may only be described as blood lust.(Pg1) Throughout the intro the author uses words such as countless horrors, sneak attack, maltreatment, and savagery to describe the Japanese and their behavior. 4.1 Robert H. Ferrell is Distinguished Professor of History, Emeritus Indiana University. Other books the author wrote include The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, Truman and the Modern American Presidency, and Harry S. Truman His Life on the Family Farms. 4.2 The book was written in 1996, using documents from the 1940s and 1950s. The author had plenty of access to the primary information. He wrote it 50 years after the event happened making him more objective than someone from the time period. 4.3 None, I all ready agree that Truman should have dropped the bomb because I believe that it saved more lives. 4.4 I would not recommend this book for pleasure reading because HARRY S. TRUMAN THE BOMB is made up of facts (letters, memos, documents, and diaries). I would recommend it to anyone who wants to know about why America dropped the atomic bomb. 5.1 The book covers from 1945 to 1958. 5.2 The action takes place all over the world mostly in the White House in Washington, D.C, the Potsdam Conference near Berlin, Germany, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico, and Japan. The setting is during World War II and soon after the war. 5.3 The author is a realist. In the book he talks about how if America did not drop the atomic bomb on Japan and used invasion that more men would die. Truman and leading officials of his administration looked upon nuclear warfare as a positive good rather than terrible savagery, there was the very real issue in the summer of 1945 of the cost of a U.S. invasion of the Japanese home islands. Whatever the historical one might describe as emotional reasons for getting back at Japan, there was the frightening cost of an invasion by the U. S. Army and Navy (pg. 3). 5.4 I think the structure of this book is chronological because of how the author put his chapters in order from 1945-1958. 6.1 The most notable thing that I liked was that after the war ended we helped Japan get back on there feet. Truman wrote, And in spite of the shot in the back, this country of ours, the United States of America, has been willing to help in every way the restoration of Japan as a great and prosperous nation (pg 115). 6.2 1. How would the story be told in the Japanese point of view?2. Did Harry S. Truman research every possible choice to end the war?3. Was there a better way than dropping the atomic bomb? 6.3 SummaryChpt.1 Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson to Harry S. Truman, April 24, 1945Stimson wrote to Truman to set up a meeting to tell Truman the details of the atomic bomb. .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .postImageUrl , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:visited , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:active { border:0!important; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:active , .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161 .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u875eebb62ea03a7c563cfa631607a161:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Stem Cell Dilemma EssayChpt. 2 From the Presidents Diary, July 16After Germany surrendered Truman took a trip to Berlin and saw the city in ruin. He saw people of all ages out on the streets carrying possessions on there backs, kicked out of their homes by Russia conquers. Chpt. 3 Major General Leslie R. Groves to Secretary Stimson, July 18General Groves, Manhattan Project Commander, reports on the successful atomic test that took place at 5:30 A.M. on July 16, 1945. He mentions a lighting effect for a radius of 20 miles, a huge fireball, a mushroom cloud over 10,000 ft high, a crater with a diameter of 120 ft, and the destruction of a steel and concert tower (similar in size to a 20 story sky scraper) that was half a mile away from the blast. Chpt. 4 Cloud Drawings by Luis W. AlvarezLuis Alvarez, professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley drew what he saw at Alamogordo detonation. Drew the atomic mushroom cloud at different times between 5:30 5:42 A.M. Chpt. 5 From the Presidents Diary, July 17, 18, 25Truman met with Stalin and Churchill in Potsdam. Some of the things discussed were firing Franco, dividing Italian Colonies, how Russia would enter the war against Japan on August 15. Truman told Churchill about the atomic bomb, but only hinted at it to Stalin. Truman made a judgement about Stalin, I can deal with Stalin. He is honest, but smart as hell(pg 30). Truman also says that he glad that U.S.A. discovered the atomic bomb first, not Hitler or Stalins crowd(31). Chpt. 6 General Thomas T. Handy to General Carl Spaatz, July 25This letter tells General Spaatz, Commanding General United States Army Strategic Air Forces, that the atomic bomb would be dropped after August 3 on either Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki. Spaatz was order to take military and scientific observers to record the bombing and he was ordered not to give out any information. He was also ordered to hand deliver a copy of the letter to General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz. Chpt. 7 The Potsdam Declaration, July 26The Potsdam Declaration has 13 points. 1. Japan has opportunity to surrender. 2. Allies will keep fighting against Japan till they give up. 3. Resistance is futile if Japan dont surrender it will lead to utter devastation of Japanese home land. 4. Will Japan fallow Military Advisers or the path of reason. 5. Our terms are not negotiable. 6. All Leaders of Japan that deceived the people must lose their power. 7. Until Japan has met our requirements the allies will occupy Japan. 8. Japan will lose the islands that they conquered. 9. Japanese military will be disarmed. 10. War criminals will be punished. Democracy will be strengthened and the people will have freedom of speech, religion, and thought. 11. Japan will be allowed to have industry and world trade. 12. Occupying forces will leave Japan when goals are met. 13. Japan must now unconditionally surrender or face prompt and utter destructionUnfortunately The United States did not tell Japan about the Atomic bomb. So Japan was not willing to surrender. Chpt. 8 The President to His Wife, July 31Truman wrote to his wife from Potsdam at the end of the conference talking about how Stalin is stalling because he is not happy over English Elections and one of the main topics was War Reparations and Russia wants to be paidChpt. 9 White House Press Release, August 6The press release told Americans about the atomic bomb with detail about it. Also telling that they dropped one on Hiroshima 16 hours ago. Chpt. 10 War Department Press Release, August 6Stimson set out another press release about the atomic bomb giving more detail about it development and how it will make the war end quicker. Stimson tells how they had to keep it secrete because the enemy if American was told would try to steal it Chpt. 11 Leaflets Dropped on Japanese CitiesLeaflets were used in psychological warfare to scare the people out of the cities before dropping the second atomic bomb. Leaflets told them to leave their cities and surrenderChpt. 12 Senator Richard B. Russell to the President, August 7 and the Presidents Response, August 9Senator Russell was trying to influence Truman to not be lenient to Japan and dont warn them when we bomb their cities. He encourages Truman to destroy Japans resistance. They the American people believe that we should continue to strike the Japanese until they are brought groveling to their knees. We should cease our appeals to Japan to sue for peace. The next plea for peace sho uld come from an utterly destroyed Tokyo (pg. 69) Truman responds that the Japanese are terrible and cruel , but he refuses to act the same way that they do. Form nyself I certainly regret the necessity of wiping out whole populations because of the pigheadedness of the leaders of a nation and for your information, I am not going to do it unless it is absolutely necessary (pg. 69Chpt. 13 1Samuel McCrea Cavert to the President, August 9 and the Presidents Response, August 11Cavert writes Truman that Christians are deeply disturbed over the use of atomic bombs against Japanese cities. Truman replies that he is disturbed also but that the attack on Pearl Harbor and the horrible treatment of prisoners makes it so that we must treat the Japanese as beasts. When you have to deal with a beast, you have to treat him as a beast (pg. 72). .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .postImageUrl , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:visited , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:active { border:0!important; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:active , .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5a8051ef0e59714e0cc57b371b9b6ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Egoism EssayChpt. 14 Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt, March 25, 1945 and Subsequent CorrespondenceAlbert Einstein writes a letter of introduction for Dr. L. Szilard, a researcher of uranium. Dr. Szilard writes to the presidents secretary asking permission to make a petition, which was signed by 67 scientists, public. This petition asks that no atomic bomb would be dropped in Japan without warning the people first. Chpt. 15 Secretary Stimson to the President, September 11 and EnclosureStimson writes to Truman recommending sharing the atomic bomb with Russia even though the Soviet Union was still autocratic with few human rights. Some other people had wanted to only share the bomb after Russia gave more freedom to their people. Stimson believed that over time Russia would change. Chpt. 16 U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey, the Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June, 9, 1946This is a report on how the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected the morale of the Japanese people. Dropping the bomb did not demoralize Japanese civilians outside of the immediate area. It also did not affect the military leaders belief that they could continue the war and defend the home islands. It did give the peace movement the opportunity to push for surrender because the United States had the atomic bomb and Japan did not. No army without the weapon could resist an enemy who had it, thus saving face(pg. 86). The peace movement could overcome the military objection to surrender because Japan could now save face. Chpt. 17 Carl T. Compton Article and the President to Compton, December 16Compton wrote an article that appeared in the Atlantic Monthly that defends dropping the atomic bomb. He argues that dropping the bomb was not inhumane because conventional bombing of Tokyo actually killed more people than dropping the atomic bomb. He also argues that even though Japan was already beaten they were not willing to stop fighting and that by using the atomic bomb the war ended sooner saving hundreds of thousands of lives. Truman replied thanking him for such a sensible articleChpt. 18 Selected White House Memoranda, 1952-1953Cates, professor at the University of Chicago who was writing a history of the army, writes to Truman asking for specific information on why he made the decision to drop the atomic bomb. The presidents aids recommend that the president give the information to Cates and the president replies listing his reasons that he ordered the bomb to be dropped. Chpt. 19 Interview with Former President Truman, 1955Hillman and Royce, assistants to Truman in writing his memoirs, interview Truman about dropping the atomic bomb. They ask if he did it for psychological reasons. The president states, I ordered it for military reasons and for no other reasons, to save the lives of a great many of our soldiers, thats all I had in mind (pg. 110). Chpt. 20 Tsukasa Nitoguri to Former President Truman, March 1, 1958 and the Presidents Response, March 12Edward Murrow interviewed Truman on television and Truman said using the atomic bomb was better than invading because it saved more lives and in the future it might be used again. The Chairman of The Hiroshima Council wrote to Truman about that the People of Hiroshima are against using the atomic bomb ever again. Truman replied listing his reason for using the bomb and placing the responsibility on the Japanese because of their actions at Pearl HarborChpt. 21 Handwritten Notes by Former President Truman, 1958Truman in his notes wants a world police force to maintain peace in the world and the Untied Nations to control nuclear energy. The reason Truman wants this things BibliographyHarry S. Truman The BombAmerican History World War 2 Essay Example For Students World War 2 Essay VOLUNTEERISM AND ETHICSShelters for Abused and Homeless WomenWhat to do? The issue of abused and homeless women is one that has recently been brought to the forefront of social issues in Pakistan. Abuse, most often begins after marriage. According to local traditions, once a girls baraat (wedding procession) enters the husbands house, only her janaza (funeral pyre) should leave. Loyalty and devotion to the husband and his family come above every thing else. When family support is pulled away, the girl is then at the mercy of her husband. This total control of the girls life sometimes leads to her death. Often times it leads to abuse. The girl cannot return to her fathers house for fear of dishonoring him and so continues to suffer. In some cases she may chose to run away therefore igniting her husbands anger that then is left with no choice put to pursue and kill her to redeem his honor. There are very few shelters, which will take in runaway women. These shelters besides being few i n number are also run on a small scale often equipped to handle visitors for short periods of time. No real constructive assistance is given to the battered women. We will write a custom essay on World War 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With USD 1 million, I would open a large hostel for women in need of protection. Inside the compound there will be a polytechnic/ educational institute to provide them an education, guidance and counseling for their emotional health, law firm to handle legal matters and a nursery primary school for their children. Putting the $$$$ to use: Opening a shelter in a major city is like putting a bandage on a large wound. Most women housed in shelters are semi-literate if at all and with little or no skills. In order to make them into productive citizens a polytechnic/ womens school/college should be opened inside the compound for security reasons and to avoid transport issues. This building should also contain guidance and counseling service to look after their emotional health. A nursery and primary school should be available for women who were accompanied by young children. A law firm, which does not have to be located inside the compound, be available to take care of their legal matters. Why would I do it and how do I justify it? Living in a mans world is difficult enough for women in Europe and America. Women in Pakistan face even more discrimination. Women rejected by society are pushed to the very bottom of the food chain. With an able body and an active mind, they can contribute to society and become productive members. Providing a shelter will meet their basic needs of food, clothing and a roof over their head. Giving them an education will enable them to become independent and chalk out a future for themselves.Seeing to their emotional needs will go a long way in making them into whole people again. If accompanied by a child, looking after the child will provide them the support they would have received at home. And to make legal assistance available to them will give them a better sense of security. Once a women decides it is time for her to leave the shelter, ready to go out to make a life, all aspects should be in proper order to ensure a successful second chance.

Chalcolithic Culture in the Levant essays

Chalcolithic Culture in the Levant essays The origins of Chalcolithic (approximately 4300-3300 BCE) culture in the Levant are debatable. Arguments exist that the culture developed locally as well as that the culture was intrusive introduced by immigrants to the region. While valid claims can be made for both sides, it is far more reasonable to surmise that Chalcolithic culture formed due to a combinative effect. Certain forms of pottery and methods of working copper show an Iranian influence which may have reached the Levant via Mesopotamia. To say that Chalcolithic culture was entirely intrusive would, however, be premature. The unique nature of Chalcolithic tradition, art and technology does not lend itself to such simple explanation. It would be more feasible to deduce that the advancements made during the Chalcolithic period were brought about by an assimilation of immigrant and indigenous cultures and technologies. While a number of important technological, economic, and social changes may have occurred during this period in the Levant, the most distinguishing feature of Chalcolithic culture was the advancement in copper working. In fact, the name of the period, Chalcolithic, is based on the fact that some dig sites show widespread use of copper; the prefix chalco is based on the Greek word chalcos which translates to copper. Artifacts show that mining and metallurgical skills advanced greatly, as evidenced by copper objects from the Nahal Mishmar Cave of the Treasure which were very skillfully crafted using the lost-wax technique. Copper mines in the Wadi Feinan area of Jordan, south of the Dead Sea, seem to have contributed to the availability of the metal while sites such as Shiqmim show evidence for copper working scattered across much of the site, perhaps indicating that it was a household craft industry. Though copper work was the most defining facet of Chalcolithic culture, other adv a...

The effect of diffrent Concentrations of Auxin on pinto seed stem Research Paper

The effect of diffrent Concentrations of Auxin on pinto seed stem ilongation - Research Paper Example The experiment conducted by students to examine the effects of different concentration of auxin to the growth of pinto beans showed that regardless of the level of auxin used in each experiment, auxin caused retarded growth to pinto bean seeds. Introduction According to Bewley (1057), growth hormones have different effects on plants depending on the nature of the plants, quantity of the hormones used, type of the hormones and the part of the plant in which the hormones are in contact with. This knowledge has enabled those growth hormones or auxin to be used for different purposes in crop husbandry and have enabled plants to react to the external stimuli that would otherwise cause harm to the plant (Lucia, et.al, 153). The student carried out an experiment in order to examine the effect of different auxin concentrations on elongation of the stem of pinto beans. In the experiment, the student selected fifteen beans picked indiscriminately (Thimann, & Lane, 541). The student divided the seeds into three groups of five seeds each and planted each group in a separate pot. The first pot acted as trial experiment and was watered with plain water without any auxin. In the second pot, 500ppm concentration of the auxin was added to the water while in the third pot a different auxin concentration of 500ppm was added to the water used for watering the seed. ... The outcome observation varies from plant to another and depends on the amount of auxin used in each case. Methods In our Plant Independent Investigation, the experiment was set up by labeling three pots, â€Å"tap water†, â€Å"500 ppm auxin†, and â€Å"5000 ppm auxin†. Each of the pots was filled with the same amount of soil (filled 1 inch to the brim). A total of 15 red kidney beans were randomly selected from the seed packet and 5 seeds were planted on each pot. The seeds were buried in the soil with only the tip exposed. The seeds were labeled 1-5 on a piece of tape wrapping around the exterior of each pot. Each pot was watered with 35 ml of tap water. In addition to the tap water, 5 squirts of the 500 ppm auxin were squirted onto each of the 5 seeds in the pot labeled â€Å"500 ppm auxin†. In the pot labeled â€Å"5000 ppm auxin†, 5 squirts of 5000 ppm auxin were squirted onto each of the 5 seeds. In the third pot, only tap water was used and no auxin at all. The team members measured stem growth in plants each day for seven days. The height of stem growth was measured for all 15 plants and recorded in the data table. The plants were watered with 35 ml of tap water daily and given their appropriate solution treatment. The plants in the control pot only received the 35 ml of tap water. The plants in the â€Å"500 ppm auxin† pot received 35 ml of tap water and 5 drops (per seed) of 500 ppm auxin. The plants in the â€Å"5000 ppm auxin† pot received 35 ml of tap water and 5 drops (per seed) of 5000 ppm auxin. For this experiment, a statistical examination was conducted in the form of a t-test (Richard, 63). The t-test compares the growth means of each of the samples to the control (DI water). Therefore, the red kidney bean plants

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Immigration - Essay Example While some argue that the migrants are adversely affecting the economy as the inequality between the rich and poor has widened, it is strongly believed that any reforms to drive these migrants would disrupt the economy as the wages would rise and both the employers and the migrants would suffer. Immigrants and low-skilled immigrant workers are concentrated in a few states and in those states, in a few metropolitan areas (Chiswick, 2006). Immigrants are usually drawn to expanding cities particularly to cities with historical enclaves of earlier immigrants (Card, 2007). There is an unbalanced skill distribution and it has been observed that high-immigration cities have more low-skilled people in their local population. America is not being overrun by immigrants. The immigrants residing in the US make up for only one percent of the American population. Besides, the migrants do not enter the country illegally. Most enter legally but overstay on student or visitor visa (Cole, 1994). This only demonstrates the flaws in the US administration. Moreover, immigrants do not fill jobs but create jobs. They do not take the jobs from the Americans and there is no evidence to support this view. In fact the immigrants start their own businesses and employ both immigrants and natives. Chiswick argues that immigrants are localized and concentrated in certain areas but the jobs that migrants perform are still being done in other areas or states and a large number of these low-skilled workers are native to the United States (Chiswick, 2006). The census of 2000 shows that males between 25 and 64 years employed that year, of those with less than a high school diploma, 64% were born in the US and 36% were foreign born. Even those that have graduated from high school have not acquired any other skills essential for higher earnings and there are no low-skill jobs that American workers would or would not do. This only

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example sly existed between countries of various parts of the world and has thereby paved the way for economic development through the process of creation of internal and domestic demand for products and services of international brand, quality, design and stature. It is of considerable importance to state that the need of economic development has led to the process of opening up of economies around the world. The emergence of new and developing economies around the globe has played a catalytic role in the process of increasing the level of competition in the marketplace. So quite naturally, this has led to the process of increasing the demand for standardised and high quality goods and services in regions all over the world. In an attempt to maintain a level of standardization, the services sector all over the world has focused on implementing various new tools and strategies that considerably helps in the process of developing a significant benchmark of service delivery and retaining of authentic quality. With the growth, penetration and continuous evolution of technology, the global services sector has broadened its extension to delivering services to clients who are located in various parts of the world. It is of significant importance to state that in an attempt to do so, the services sector has increasingly embedded the technology platform as a medium of delivery in their entire service delivery model. It can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is part of the highly popular brand of hotel chain which is trademarked by the group Hilton Worldwide. The hotel offer hospitality sector based service offerings, which are found to be falling within the category of mid-range pricing. The hotel and its esteemed services are mostly targeted consumers all over the world, who essentially form the segment of business men and leisure travellers. Talking in a more detailed manner, it can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is a part of the independently operating chain

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay These characteristics of civilization shows that the emergence of civilization significantly stabilized the social life and the course of history, created the conditions for the accumulation of historical experience and, of course, contributed to a more productive development of culture.  Now certain people or a community of people can protect their cultural achievements, to keep statements about his past recordings, rather than relying on an unstable human memory and the fragility of individual lives.   However, it becomes clear that the notion of civilization do not coincide with the notion of culture: civilization as it concentrates mainly those aspects of social life, which maintained a technical component of the culture, not its semantic foundation.   Of course, the concept of Spengler is too radical to review aspects of interaction of culture and civilization.  Real their relationship is, of course, much more complicated.  Civilization, in the first place, and there may be only on the basis of certain cultural achievements, in this sense, it really appears virtually identical culture.  But at the same time it differs from culture as their functions and target orientation.  Does not coincide with the culture, civilization is an important stimulus for socio-historical form of culture.  The interests of culture and civilization, and indeed may oppose each other, and such periods have been observed in human history.   Anyway, culture and civilization appear in two different sides of human social and historical existence, and their opposition, but also the mutual stimulation are normal.   Today the concept of civilization is often used to determine the achieved level of social development, as well as a certain level of functioning of culture in all its components.  In other words: civilization is a level of state and society, which are inherent in the high rise of culture and its effective functioning of all branches of life of society.   Modern civilization, often referred to as post-industrial forms its own culture, which has its own distinctive features, notably the high level of science, engineering and technology.  However, the above-mentioned features of modern civilization has brought to humanity not only positive changes.  The most important negative consequence of the emergence of so-called global problems of modern civilization due to the fact that the human, technical and production activities in its scope has reached the size of planetary processes.  Globalization, as a characteristic tendency of our time and gradually promotes the fusion of different cultures into a single mass culture.   However, Noosphere culture contradictory: she gave the man an unprecedented comfort and features, but relentlessly robs people of their natural beginning and thus deprives them of a certain future.  This contradiction is not only a source of hope and expectation, but also great concern over the future of man and mankind. So, on the bases of civilization arises as a set of forms that stabilize society; between culture and civilization formed a complex, contradictory system of mutual interaction.  One of the manifestations of these contradictions have become global problems of modern post-industrial civilization in nature.   The existence of different approaches to the definition and origin of civilization is caused by different content that is embedded in its interpretation.  In accordance with the contents of the essence of Civilizations and the criteria for its evaluation, determined the type of civilization.  Despite the diversity of existing views on civilization, the scientists were unanimous in relation to such of its important characteristics: 1) the formation of the state, and 2) the emergence of writing, 3) Department of Agriculture from crafts, 4) stratification of society into classes, and 5) the emergence of cities.  The presence of the first two traits nearly all recognize as compulsory, and the need for other frequently refers in doubt.Even if we take into account the first three features, they are already characterize the civilization as a socio-cultural and economic center.  The emergence of writing indicates the possibility to record information rather than store it in memory, a nd characterizes the separation of mental from physical labor, which made it possible to concentrate the efforts of individual groups of people on the development of art and different forms of positive knowledge.  The city is a cell, around which dominated primitive forms of social life of the nomadic tribes.  They perform specific functions in society: there were the centers of agricultural production, handicrafts, trade, ideology, ideological outpost.  It was during the era of the first civilizations systematized and centralized the ideological sphere, has a really strong spiritual influence on the masses, forming a geocentric type of social consciousness.  This is confirmed by the attractions of monumental architecture (huge palaces, pyramids, monuments), which showed strong production potential of society, make them.   Principled position of scientists of the Soviet period was the selection of formation types of civilization: ancient oriental despotisms, slave, feudal, bourgeois society.  This approach differed from the views of many Western scholars, who mainly rely on the concept of Arnold Toynbee, which explains both the course of development of all human cultures, applying the concept of civilization to the peculiarities of the development of peoples and cultures of different regions and countries.  [1, s.350]   Civilizational approach has been widely used in studies of historical and cultural-historical typology.  In this case, we can distinguish three approaches in the interpretation of the concept of civilization: a locally historic, historical, stadial, and world-historical.   Among the supporters of the local-historical approach there is no unanimity on the question of how many civilizations have been in the past and how many they are now.   N. Danilevskiy singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian-Babylonian-finikiyskugo, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, Germanic-Romance (European) and Slavic.  Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   In Arnold Toynbee in the pre-classification, there are a number of companies of one kind, which, as historian wrote, called civilizations: Egyptian, Andean, Chinese, Minoan, Sumerian, manyanskoe, Syrian, Indies, Hittite, Hellenistic, Orthodox Christian (in Russia  ), the Far East (Korea and Japan), Orthodox Christian (mainly), the Far East (mainly), Iranian, Arab, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatan, Babylonian.   In a more condensed classification Toynbee identified, but the western world, Christian Orthodox, or Byzantine Society, located in South-Eastern Europe and Russia, Islamic society , concentrated in the arid zone (the region of arid steppes, deserts and semi-desert)  passing diagonally across North Africa and the Middle East from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Wall of China, Hindu society in the tropical subkontinentalyyuy India to the south-east of the arid zone, Far Eastern society in the subtropical and temperate areas between arid zone and the Pacific Ocean.   This classification of civilizations was the basis for the concept of L. Vasilyev, who identified five contemporary civilizations: Western Europe, Russian, Islamic, Indo-Buddhist and Confucian.   X.  White, using tropologichesky approach identified four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   As part of the historical and stadial approach depending on the choice of any axiomatic criteria identify different types of civilizations.  In modern literature, for example, are considered types such as oral, written, book and screen, cosmogenic, technological and man-made, traditional and modern, evolutionary and innovative civilization.   However, in most cases, historical and stadial studies used a technocratic approach, based on which secrete an agrarian (pre-industrial), manufacturing (industrial) and information (post-industrial) civilization (Rostow, Daniel Bell, Toffler).   Agrarian civilization a society with a primitive agricultural production, hierarchical social structure and authority belonging to landowners, the church and the army as a major social institutions.   At the time, N. Kondratiev, studying the cycles of economic conditions, came to the conclusion that they are changing every 40-50 years.  These half century Kondratiev cycles considered as part of the cycle of civilization, which continues on his calculations about 200-300 years.   In Origins of history and its purpose (1949) Jaspers identified in social development are four cut: Prehistory, great historical culture of antiquity (local history), axial age (the beginning of World History),   the era of technology (the transition to a unified world history Danilevsky N. singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Phoenician, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, German-Romanesque  (European) and Slavic. Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   X.  White, using a topological approach, outlined four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   In a direct clash between two types of civilized development, Eastern and Western, at a time when the power of the state was determined by techno-economic and political-military advantage, we found a clear superiority of European civilization.  This gave birth in the minds of European intellectuals of the illusion of inferiority of the Eastern world, in the wake of which emerged the concept of modernization as a way of familiarizing inert East to civilization.  On the other hand, in the East against the Europeans almost until the end of the XIX century.  the conception of the vast moral and ethical superiority of Eastern civilization, that of western barbarians borrow nothing, except the machine technology.  [2, s.366]   Considering the classification of civilizations, scholars Orientalists believed that it was divided into two tree East and West, have their own, unique ways of development, of which natural and normal recognizes the east, while west is regarded as a mutation bias.  Other scholars have also offered to share all of civilization into two types, but give them a different interpretation: one of them manmade declares a characteristic of Western Europe, and the second psychogenic to Eastern countries, example of which is Indian civilization of the past.   Thus, many authors of the concept of culture and civilization divided and even opposed.  To include the field of spirituality, culture (ideas), and to civilization the result area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the material (things).  Civilization was treated as a material unit of culture.  Argues that culture is dying and snikaet before the triumph of civilization.Common and different interpretation of civilization, when it is presented as general characteristics of the historically specific types of sociality and culture.  In this case civilization is understood as a certain degree of social history, the continued development of peoples and the world in general, determined by cash condition of the social structure and spiritual world.  The most concise definition of civilization is this: Civilization socio-cultural complexes, folding at different times in different regions of the earth and bearing the features of the social and cultural identity.  That is why the common expression the Inca civilization, Greek civilization, ancient civilization, modern civilization, etc. [3, p.83]     Today the problem of Civilizations aims to researchers such problems whose solution requires a scientific approach and philosophy well conceived.  These problems are primarily such as the nature of the crisis experienced by individual cultures, particularly Western culture, the future of the Western world, strengthening of cultural identity and the resurgence of nationalism, the ratio of the modern man of religion, technology, science, the relationship between East and West, etc.     In developing a definition of civilization and the evaluation of specific civilizations, much depends on the position of the researcher.  Among the most representative theories of civilizations theory is primarily AJ. Toynbee, who continues the line of N. Danilevsky and Spengler.     His theory may be regarded as the culminating point in the development of theories of local civilizations.  Monumental study of Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, many scientists recognize a masterpiece of historical and macrosociological science.  Another of his work entitled Civilization before the court of history is devoted mainly on the clash of civilizations in the modern era.   In the study, Study of History on the basis of in-depth study of the colossal facts of world history Toynbee attempt to rethink the trends of socio-historical development of mankind in the spirit of local civilizations.  Ideas, concepts, definitions, facts, countries and peoples, past and future merge in a complex pattern, but rather points to the presence of a mystery than giving clarity and consistency of past events.   In his studies, Arnold Toynbee also believed that civilization has certain types of human communities, causing certain associations in the field of religion, architecture, art, morals, customs in short, a culture.   Unlike Spengler, who was absolutely not interested in any other culture than their allocated eight great, as historian Arnold Toynbee is concerned to describe all of the historically existing civilization.   In a comparative study of civilizations Toynbee examines and describes six representatives of the species five living and one dead and two groups of relics.As a result, a more detailed analysis revealed thirteen representatives.   Lets try to briefly address some of these types of societies.   1.  Orthodox Christian community.   * Toynbee AJ. A Study of History.  Moscow, 2002, pp.  45.     6   Orthodox Christian community, like the Western Christian, is in the filial relationship with the Hellenic society, and hence the conclusion is that one society may be in the paternal relatives relationships with several different companies.To understand how this is possible, let us turn to the geographical factor.   The rod axis of the Orthodox Christian world has its origin in the center of the Hellenic world, in the Aegean Sea.  Expansion of the Orthodox Christian community was not in a straight line: in the north-east, it initially established in Georgia, and later it passed through the Caucasus Mountains, reaching Alanya, where he was discovered out in the great Eurasian steppe, in the northwest, it swept the Balkans.  Orthodox Christianity spread, and along the transverse axis, which crosses the main axis of Constantinople.  Sea route brought Orthodox Christianity to the paternal Hellenic Society.  Differentiation of the Western and Orthodox Christianity gave rise to two different societies.  One Chrysalis Catholic Church formed two independent organism: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church *.   Iranian and Arab society.  Next living society Islamic.  Appeal to the sources of his stories is the discovery of the universal state (Baghdad Abbasid Caliphate), the universal church (Islam) and the movement of tribes (the movement of Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Great Steppe, etc.).  Detected and signs of paternal society.  The Islamic Society was born on the territory of the Asian highlands, forming gradually a number of independent states, from which comes almost all the States of the modern Islamic world.  Two of the Islamic Society of filial one more akin to the old society, which is beyond the visible historical horizon.   1.2.  The concept of culture   The text of chapter   2.  Classification of Civilizations   2.1.  Civilization in Toynbee   Understand the history of a country, it is usually impossible without considering its relations and interactions with other countries.  To explain the event in its history, it is necessary to compare them with what is happening in other countries.  But this does not imply that the study of the history of any country should take the whole world and all history of mankind.  For example, a historian studying the history of Kievan Rus, it is necessary to consider its relations with the Byzantine Empire: without this, it is impossible to explain where, how and why the spread in Russia of Orthodox Christianity, which even now is a bridge between the Slavic and East European nations.  During the formation of civilization, as a conglomerate of countries with common historical, cultural, racial, linguistic and spiritual bonds should be paid to the special role of religious and philosophical teachings, because  their dissemination contributes to the expansion of the civilization in w hich these teachings are fundamental.   Thus, we can conclude that:   1.  Civilization is a society that far exceed the national government not only territory but also the duration of its existence;   2.  their culture with greater length, both in space and in time than the national state, city, state, or any other political alliances *.  Indeed, the historian, while remaining within its boundaries, should be able to understand all aspects of social life not only politically and economically, and culturally, which is the most profound and fundamental.  Therefore, the field of historical study covers a rather broad spatial-temporal region, which houses the society, which is able to consist of a set of states.  This society is a complete historical education, which is the social atom the basic unit of the story: Society, not the state is a social atom , which should focus its attention historian **.   Society of this type Toynbee called civilization.  Each civilization is a closed and independent from the other world.  Of course, completely isolated from external influences of civilization, apparently does not exist.  Yet each of them has relative autonomy, sufficient to allow for analysis of its history to abstract from the influence on it from other civilizations.   Geographical boundaries of the area occupied by any civilization, may change over time.  But none of the surveyed companies do not cover the whole of humanity, does not extend to the entire inhabited earth, and has no peer among the societies of its kind, our Western society, for example, is not perceived as something whole, while Hellenic Society, being one of the original members of the societies  species has not reached its maturity *.  World history is the history of different civilizations, coexisting alongside each other.   The duration of a single civilization more than the lifetime of any single nation, but at the same time, less than the time allotted to humanity as a whole.  It makes Toynbee to address the question of the continuity of history.  He distinguishes between on the one hand, a continuous sequence of phases of the history of the same civilization (similar to the periods of the life of an individual), while the other a continuous relationship over time between different civilizations (which resembles the relationship between parents and their children).  It is obvious that in the second case when filial-paternal continuity continuity in the development of societies is considerably weaker.   But nevertheless, it is like genetic inheritance determines the similarity of cultures.   2.2.  Civilization by Samuel Huntington   According to Huntington, a civilization is the cultural community of the highest rank, as the broadest level of peoples identity, which is determined by the presence of common features of the objective order, as well as subjective self-identification of people.  Divide by civilization probation.  And until now, according to Huntington, nation-states play a major role in global geopolitics, but the behavior of the system and the international orientation of these states are easier to control and predict, if conditionally divide the world on how communities.According to Huntington the creation of these communities (civilization) is meaningful only when using the culture (ie set of spiritual and material values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹created by this civilization, as well as the ability to play them) as the main factor, that is, combining all the civilization of countries belonging  to certain cultures.  Of course, you can not talk about full of cultural identity of any two different human communities.  When considering the two different human communities identified as belonging to one particular culture, one can not see the distinct cultural differences between them, but there is a third community, belonging to a completely different culture, which differ radically from both.  Here is the principle of separation of civilizations, thats a practical explanation of the Huntington: A village in southern Italy for its culture may be different from the same village in Northern Italy, but they remain the name of Italian villages, they should not be confused with the German.  In turn, European countries have common cultural traits that distinguish them from the Chinese or the Arab world.   Civilization defined by the presence of common objective features (history, language, religion ) and direct subjective self-identification of people of this civilization, and it (identity) can vary over time, resulting in change and civilization.  Therefor e it is impossible to speak of a monolithic civilizations, they themselves may consist of several nation-states may stratify at each other, include subtsivilizatsii.  Due to certain reasons the different community (they can be called ethnic groups) may be culturally dissociate from each other at such a distance that they would be easier and fairer to call different civilizations.  Particularly striking example of this a selection of Japanese Civilization: Japan, as is known, has its roots in China and Southeast Asia, but culturally evolved on the other hand, different from their branches, resulting in Japan now and is considered as a separate civilization.Huntington defines civilization as the broadest level of cultural identity people.  The next level unlike humanity from other creatures.  Due to the dimensions of civilization in the world today has 8.7 Huntington civilizations, covering the whole inhabited world.  These civilizations: Western (western Europe and North America), Latin (includes South and Central America), Africa (central and some southern and northern Africa. Huntington calls it as a contender for the title of civilization), Islamic (Part of the northern  Africa, Central Asia and part of Southeast Asia), Orthodox (Shes Russian, East European and East-Christian. Eastern Europe, Siberia. According to Huntington on the verge of extinction), Hindu (Part of South Asia), Confucian  (it is Chinese. China and South-east of mainland Asia) and Japanese civilization.  These civilizations exist at the moment, but of course there were other civilizations, and probably will be others.Civilization is not constant in the development and existence, that is, civilization can survive the period of prosperity, birth, decay, death, etc.  In total, according to Huntington (he refers to Toynbee) and 21 can speak of civilization.   3.  Clash of Civilizations   3.1.  Scientific concept of Samuel Huntingtons clash of civilizations   In the summer of 1993 in the journal  «Foreign Affairs », published an article by Samuel Huntington, entitled The Clash of Civilizations?.  Then this article caused a great stir throughout the world.  In this article, Huntington put forward his vision for peace after the Cold War, the basic idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹which was that the main players in the global arena now will not state and government, and civilization, which may comprise up to several tens of states.  The main causes of wars will be no economic or political interests, cultural clashes.  Ideology, which had great significance in the XX century gives way to culture as the main dominant global geopolitical processes.  Border confrontation between different blocks will be determined not belonging to any of the three worlds and belonging to a particular culture, community.   Huntington believed that he created a system of world development and international relations the concept of clash of civilizations is the final phase of the stadial development of global conflicts in modern times.  After the Thirty Years War (1618-1648 gg.) And the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, which issued the modern international system in Europe, both western and eastern, conflicts unfolded mainly between the rulers of states, seeking to multiply the strength of their country in all possible ways,  including through the accession of new lands.   As a result of this process have formed a sufficiently powerful state, then became national.  In connection with the modernization of society and as a consequence of the states themselves have themselves become a nation determines the course of policy, both foreign and domestic.  For a point of transition takes Huntington in 1793, the French Revolution.  This way the global geopolitical persisted until the end of World War II.  With the end of World War I and the completion of the revolutions in Russia and Germany, the clash of nations has given way to a conflict of ideologies.  The main players on the world scene now became three ideological camps Liberalistichesky, communist and nationalist.  After the Second World War and the defeat of Germany started a fight between two ideologies: communism and liberal democracy, or so-called cold war.  Neither the USSR nor the United States were a nation-state in the classic sense of the term, so that conflict is none other than the conflict of ideologies.   Huntington believes that all of the above described stages in the development of peace and international relations is the civil wars of the West, because a detailed examination of each stage can be seen a tendency to absolutism and without the enormous role of the West (Europe, primarily) in all world conflicts.Absolute apogee of the West in the global geopolitical space came in today and requires permission.  The situation predicted more Spengler in his book The Decline of Europe and now the West is ready to give up a lot in order to maintain the current, lose influence in the world, in particular the West is ready to waive part of its ideology.  One of these victims may be called the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Eurocentrism, which is increasingly giving way to other approaches consider the historical and geopolitical processes in the world.  The concept of Clash of Civilizations is one such concessions in the continuation of Western domination in the earths po litics.  Evidence, albeit indirect, for this is probably not fully voiced in Huntingtons treatise, but a very practical purpose of this theory: to improve the process of forecasting the geopolitical situation to conduct a successful policy of jogging civilizations with each other and forcing a civilization for destructivethese situations, which should preserve the primacy of Western influence.   3.2.  Is it possible to prevent a clash of civilizations?   This question has always been relevant, but now, with the expansionary impending war in the Middle East, especially.  Huntingtons opinion:   The most important conflicts of the future will unfold along the fault lines between civilizations.  He cites a series of arguments, explaining his theory:   The culture of any civilization is unique.  It has its own cultural achievements, such as language, history, tradition, religion and the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹expressed in the relations between human society and state, God. Because of this strong cultural differentiation, which does not disappear in the foreseeable future, there is greater likelihood of conflict  especially along the lines of contact between civilizations, which can escalate into conflicts, including the global.  Huntington believes that all the worst conflict in human history have been bred specifically the differences between civilizations.   Contacts between Civilizations deeper and more frequent.  As a consequence, against the backdrop of visible differences between civilizations, the cultural identity of representatives of these civilizations is enhanced.  Under this culture is the dominant force in modern geopolitics.   The economic and social development, people are starting to move away from self-identification of himself with a place of residence and country of residence.  In place, the role of religion in the identity of people increases, so that the process of desekulyarizatsii society in the world at large.   Huntington believes that the West (the U.S., especially) is now at the peak of its power, and it boosts civilization back to its roots   With increasing level of intra-regional economy grows and the value of links between regions.  But this relationship is most successful when community civilizations.  Since the intra-connection between parts of one civilization is rapidly being established and strengthened, in contrast to the regional relations between civilizations, where cultural differences can become an insurmountable obstacle.Huntington believes that there are two levels of conflict of civilizations.  The first the microlevel, where the conflict occurs between the parts of individual civilizations for territory and power.  And the second level the macro-level, where the struggle is to dominate the world on military, political and economic parameters, to extend its influence as widely as possible.   Huntington, however, still recognize the primacy and uniqueness of Western civilization (especially the impact of the U.S.) with respect to all the others: In a world where there is no rule of the United States will be more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than in the world,  where the United States continues to affect more to address global issues than any other country.  Sustained international primacy of the United States is most important to the welfare and safety of Americans and for the future of freedom, democracy, open economies and the international order on the ground.   

Comparing Gilgamesh and King Arthur :: comparison compare contrast essays

Gilgamesh and King Arthur The Epic of Gilgamesh has many similarities to The Legend of King Arthur. Although Gilgamesh and King Arthur have comparison they also have differences. The main difference is that one is an Epic and the other is a Legend. To compare and contrast The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Legend of King Arthor, one must first know what the words, "Epic" and "Legend" mean. Primarily, "epic" is a long narrative poem about the deeds of a semi-god, also known as a superhuman hero who's actions are depended on as the fate of a nation, tribe or a human race. This usually consists of an adventure filled plot and is concerned with timeless human problems such as honour, jealousy, war and hatred. These contain gods and goddesses and the setting is fixed in a far distant place at a time long past. Epics are based on legends and myths. Secondly, "legend" consists of a protagonist (superman) who manages to solve some problems that a group of people have encountered. This too consists of an adventure filled plot. In knowing the words, epic and legend there is now a better comprehension of these wondrous stories. The Legend of King Arthur is in comparison to The Epic of Gilgamesh because Arthur's closest companion was Merlin, and Gilgamesh's closest companion was Enkidu and neither Gilgamesh nor Arthur forgot their friends. Enkidu only came in contact with Gilgamesh after becoming a man. Enkidu released the animals from the hunter's traps when they ere caught, so to make him a man the prostitute slept with him so that the animals would be ashamed of him and reject him. King Arthur became aware of Merlin when he was a young man. When Arthur was born Merlin placed him in the care of Sir Ector, throughout his boyhood Arthur learned the ways of chivalry, knighthood and how to become a gentleman. At the tournament one day Arthur pulled Excalibur from the stone and this is what brought upon Arthur meeting Merlin once again. In The Legend of King Arthur, Merlin exclaimed, "it is the doom of men if they forget." Gilgamesh along with Enkidu together fought and killed Humbaba, protector of t he Cedar forest, and the Bull of Heaven, sent as punishment to Gilgamesh for killing Humbaba. King Arthur nor Gilgamesh forgot their faithful friends.

Does Modern Technology Make Life More Convenient Essay

1.Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? First of all, I am always a person who believe in science and technology, so certainly, my answer is sided with modern technology. Yes, it does make our life much more convenient for so many reasons. Firstly(time), modern technology has greatly helped us save time and energy. And this started from the time of steam machines. People now use trucks to transfer goods instead of wagons, which, in this case, is the best example to support my point of view. There are so many machines and robots help us do the things we could never do or significantly promote the work efficiency.And by that mean, we achieved industrial revolution which, secondly(Economy), boost the international economies, so we are seeing every nation is actively applying new technologies to help promote its productivity and competitiveness. Thirdly, modern technology like Internet really have helped us a lot. Some people even believe that internet can do anything. Communication is more accessible, merchandise is more accessible, the whole world is more accessible. With a simple click of the mouse, we could travel the world, we could take classes from the top universities without actually be there on campus, we could talk to our friends and family face to face even if we are thousands miles apart. Consequently, modern technology has influenced every aspect of our lives, from the food we eat everyday to the clothes we wear, from the house we live to the vehicles we drive, it does make life more convenient, modern technology helps us live a easier and better live.2. What are some of the positive and negative effects that mobile phones have on society? With the development of modern technology, mobile phones are not some rare phenomenon any more, from the kids to the olds, every one has a phone, that also makes China who has the most mobile phone users in the world. First, it’s small enough to fit in your pockets and portable to carry it wherever you go. Second, you can use the phone to talk to, or send messages to others anytime,anywhere as long as you know the number, thus it is very accessible to communication. But, theses functions are not the highlights of modern mobile phones. In modern time, phones are not the phones just to make a call  to communicate with people, it has also become a super tool which you can use for so many different purposes, it is like a computer, but mini version. It is a new type of entertainment, we can play games, listen to music, watch movies on the phone. It is a good work assistant, we can send emails, edit files and set reminders etc. It is a good helper, connect it to the internet, we can surf internet, online shopping or even pay the electricity. Anything, anytime, that is the highlight of modern mobile phones. However, owning to these fantastic functionalities, cellphones are becoming a distraction, an addiction.People seem to unable to get mobile phones out of their hands. I am not sure if you have had this situation. You go out with a bunch of friends, there’re always some people playing with phones instead of talking to people. Gradually, they will fade out his/her social circles and be absorbed in the phone world and they seem unable to escape from it. As a result, they will have a bad performance at school or at work because they waste too much time on the phones. Some are calling for those people to put down phones to fit in their circles. Phones are made to diminish the world and make people get closer with each other, not to isolate people. Moreover, phones are not good for health. If we spend too much time on the phone, the radiation from the phone would harm our health, particularly teenagers who are at the golden stage of physical growth. Last but never the least, money is always a big problem, phone bills including text messages, minutes and data usage altogether would be a big financial burden for you every single month. Above all are the advantages and disadvantages about mobile phones, a typical double-edged sword, whether it is a poison or a weapon, it all depends on if we use it wisely. Psychology Right Environment Culture and Tradition Moral Economy Time Health Emotion Education Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? For modern technology: 1. Modern transport means make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy. By plane, people can cover a distance of one thousand miles within hours. 2. Modern science and technology promote the productivity, freeing people from tiring and vexing manual and mechanical labor. Many kinds of heavy dangerous work have been done by computerized machines more efficiently and more quickly. People can be released from toils and enjoy much more leisure time and freedom. 3. Modern household appliances release people from heavy house chores. Refrigerators, washing machines, and microwave stoves have made housekeeping so much easier that women can pursue their own careers without neglecting the duties of a good wife and mother. 4. Modern devices of telecommunications to a great extent facilitate and enhance the exchange of information between people. Modern technology has ushered in a brand new era of global information. 5. Modern science and technology are emotionally beneficial. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax bring people closer and make the world smaller. 6. Modern technology enables us to be informed of the events worldwide without moving a step away from our home. The human knowledge multiplies at an incredible rate. Modern people enjoy unprecedented access to information worldwide. 7. Advancing medical science has made it possible for human beings to lead a much longer life and suffer less from different kinds of diseases. Doctors and sciences have found cures for many diseases formerly regarded incurable and fatal. 8. The coming of electricity has removed darkness and the world has been transformed into a well-illuminated paradise. For simpler technology 1. People used to enjoy larger scope of living and suffer less from fierce competition. 2. People used to enjoy a better environment and there was little pollution. 3. Compared with the present deterioration of morals and social mood and worsening human relationship, people used to enjoy a simple and honest human relationship. They were completely free from modern day stress and pressure. 4. People would never worry about the risks brought by modern technology, such as computer virus, nuclear leakage, global warming, exhaustion of nature resources and extinction of many species. They would not be slaves of machines one day. 5. People need not worry that nuclear weapons threaten world peace and even mankind’ survival. What are some of the positive and negative effects that mobile phones have on society? In less than twenty years, mobile phones have gone from being rare and expensive pieces of equipment to a popular low-cost personal item. Positive: 1. People rely on their mobile phone address book to keep in touch with friends. 2. In many young adults’ households the mobile phone has replaced land-line telephones. 3. It has given poor people in isolated community access to services such as medical and legal advice. 4. Mobile phones with Internet access can provide you services such as alerts, weather information, e-mail, search and downloads of games and music. 5. The mobile phone itself has also become a fashion object, with users decorating their mobile phones to reflect their personality. 6. Mobile phone network is the fastest way to warn citizens of disasters like earthquakes, typhoon and other natural disasters. 7. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate injured people using the signals from their mobile phones. 8. Mobile phones can help the victims call the police or an ambulance immediately for help when an emergency occurs. Negative: 1. Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Using the hand-free phones or the use of Bluetooth while driving can increase the risk of road traffic accidents, let alone the hand-held ones, because the distraction of a telephone conversation itself is a significant safety problem. 2. In Croatia law prohibits usage of mobile phones while crossing the road as a pedestrian. 3. Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns have been raised about the potential health impacts. 4. Long term studies show that mobile phone radiation exerts negative influences on humans, and in particular children. People using mobile phones are more  likely to get brain cancer and cardiovascular diseases. 5. A study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of 4,500 users found a significant link between tumor frequency and mobile phone use. 6. Users often speak at increased volume in places like book shops, libraries, movie theatres, which may disturb people around. 7. It’s dangerous to use mobile phones on aircraft due to possible interference with aircraft radio communications. 8. A large number of class disruptions may result from the use of mobile phones in the classroom. 9. Text messaging has a close relationship with the potential cheating on examinations. So, in the UK, possession of a mobile phone in the examination can result in immediate disqualification from that subject.

Bla

Bla In this modern world, nearly everyone has a computer. They use them for personal, job, and study purposes. People who use computers laptops and other electronics use computers for so much that if they were to be taken away, those who depend on electronics would be useless from lack of technology. Computers are so widely used the are one of the common house utensils. People use computers and know how to manipulate through the software, but do they know what makes a computer a computer? The Earth Science discovery of silicon and semiconductors helped in the creation of personal computer (PC's). Silicon is a semiconductor or metalloid, which conducts electricity better than things like wood or glass, but not as well as things like copper and silver. These properties make silicon and other semiconductors the target for computer manufactures. Why do these properties make silicon so great for computers? Unlike conductors that will send and conduct any electrical current uncontrollably what soever, electric current moving through silicon is easily manipulated so it can be shut off, turned on, and transfer computer code.This image was selected as a picture of the week o...

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials In the United States court system, the fair and impartial delivery of justice is based on two fundamental tenets: That all persons accused of crimes are considered to be innocent until proven guilty, and that their guilt must be proven â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt.† While the requirement that guilt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt is meant to protect the rights of Americans charged with crimes, it often leaves juries with the momentous task of answering the often subjective question - how much doubt is â€Å"reasonable doubt?† Constitutional Basis for Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, persons accused of crimes are protected from â€Å"conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.† The U.S. Supreme Court first acknowledged the concept in its decision on the 1880 case of Miles v. United States: â€Å"The evidence upon which a jury is justified in returning a verdict of guilty must be sufficient to produce a conviction of guilt, to the exclusion of all reasonable doubt.† While judges are required to instruct juries to apply the reasonable doubt standard, legal experts disagree on whether the jury should also be given a quantifiable definition of â€Å"reasonable doubt.† In the 1994 case of Victor v. Nebraska, the Supreme Court ruled that the reasonable doubt instructions given to juries must be clear, but declined to specify a standard set of such instructions. As a result of Victor v. Nebraska ruling, the various courts have created their own reasonable doubt instructions. For example, judges of the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals instruct juries that, â€Å"A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense and is not based purely on speculation. It may arise from a careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence, or from lack of evidence.† Considering the Quality of Evidence As part of their â€Å"careful and impartial consideration† of evidence presented during the trial, jurors must also evaluate the quality of that evidence. While first-hand evidence such as eyewitness testimony, surveillance tapes, and DNA matching help eliminate doubts of guilt, jurors assume - and are typically reminded by defense attorneys - that witness may lie, photographic evidence can be faked, and DNA samples can become tainted or mishandled. Short of voluntary or legally-obtained confessions, most evidence is open to being challenged as invalid or circumstantial, thus helping to establish â€Å"reasonable doubt† in the minds of the jurors. Reasonable Does Not Mean All As in most other criminal courts, the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court also instructs jurors that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is a doubt that leaves them â€Å"firmly convinced† that the defendant is guilty. Perhaps most importantly, jurors in all courts are instructed that beyond a â€Å"reasonable† doubt does not mean beyond â€Å"all† doubt. As Ninth Circuit judges state it, â€Å"It is not required that the government (the prosecution) proves guilt beyond all possible doubt.† Finally, judges instruct jurors that after their â€Å"careful and impartial† consideration of the evidence they have seen, they are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant actually committed the crime as charged, it is their duty as jurors to find the defendant not guilty. Can Reasonable Be Quantified? Is it even possible to assign a definite numeric value to such a subjective, opinion-driven concept as reasonable doubt? Over the years, legal authorities have generally agreed that proof â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† requires jurors to be at least 98% to 99% certain that the evidence proves the defendant to be guilty. This is in contrast to civil trials on lawsuits, in which a lower standard of proof, known as a â€Å"preponderance of the evidence† is required. In civil trials, a party might prevail with little as 51% probability that events involved actually occurred as claimed. This rather wide discrepancy in the standard of proof required can be best explained by the fact that persons found guilty in criminal trials face far more severe potential punishment - from jail time to death - compared to the monetary penalties typically involved in civil trials. In general, defendants in criminal trials are afforded more constitutionally-ensured protections than defendants in civil trials.   The Reasonable Person Element In criminal trials, jurors are often instructed to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not by applying an objective test in which the defendant’s actions are compared to those of a â€Å"reasonable person† acting under similar circumstances. Basically, would any other reasonable person have done the same things the defendant did? This â€Å"reasonable person† test is often applied in trials involving so-called â€Å"stand your ground† or â€Å"castle doctrine† laws that justify the use of deadly force in acts of self-defense. For example, would a reasonable person have also chosen to shoot his or her attacker under the same circumstances or not? Of course, such a â€Å"reasonable† person is little more than a fictional ideal based on the individual juror’s opinion of how a â€Å"typical† person, possessing ordinary knowledge and prudence, would act in certain circumstances. According to this standard, most jurors naturally tend to consider themselves to be reasonable people and thus judge the defendant’s conduct from a viewpoint of, â€Å"What would I have done?† Since the test of whether a person has acted as a reasonable person is an objective one, it does not take into account the particular abilities of the defendant. As a result, defendants who have shown a low level of intelligence or have habitually acted carelessly are held to the same standards of conduct as more intelligent or careful persons, or as the ancient legal principle holds, â€Å"Ignorance of the law excuses no one.† Why the Guilty Sometimes Go Free If all persons accused of crimes must be considered innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and that even the slightest degree of doubt can sway even a reasonable person’s opinion of a defendant’s guilt, doesn’t the American criminal justice system occasionally allow guilty people to go free? Indeed it does, but this is entirely by design. In crafting the various provisions of the Constitution protecting rights of the accused, the Framers felt it essential that America apply the same standard of justice expressed by renowned English jurist William Blackstone in his often-cited 1760s work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, â€Å"It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.†

Analyze a School's Emergency and Crisis Response Plan Coursework - 1

Analyze a School's Emergency and Crisis Response Plan - Coursework Example This paper will outline the context of Murrell Taylor Elementary School, and evaluate it based on its breadth, specificity, clarity regarding roles, communications, and routine (including both exercises or drills and training requirements). It is important, before reviewing any emergency or crisis response plan, to ensure that one is properly aware of the context of the institution creating it. A school in a major urban area will have many different resources and challenges than a school in a rural area, for example. Murrell Taylor Elementary School is placed on the furthest west corner of Jacksonville, a distant suburb of Little Rock, Arkansas. The town of Jacksonville is quite small, with a population of only 22,000, but the school is none-the-less only a dozen and a half miles from the centre of Little Rock, which has a metro population nearing 700,000. Thus Murrell Taylor is strongly a suburban school, almost bordering on a rural school, with ready access to the resources (and sometimes problems) related to a major metropolitan area. In terms of micro-geography, the school is located on a mostly-empty lot, which abuts onto a small subdivision of houses on one side, and a shopping centre on the other. The school fea tures one central building and no outbuildings, with a large field to its front and several small recreational areas surrounding it. Murrell Taylor Elementary School’s crisis response plan has a fairly good deal of breadth. The plan opens with a description of generalized emergency procedures, including who can declare an emergency (the principal or designate) and who the next calls and decisions would need to be made by (in most cases district officers/ the office of the superintendent). This allows for a highly flexible, if somewhat broad and vague, framework for which any emergency can be used. The strength of this opening is that it can apply to

Consumer culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer culture - Essay Example In marketing the notion concerning consumer culture has been incorporated because of its importance in the subsequent generations, more notably is the tie with capitalism where it is more driven with money though it is distinguished most by its focus on the satisfaction that is attained by purchasing or spending on a product or a service rather than its monetary value and the emergence of conspicuous consumption where there is development of leisure class and enhancement of social status through spending on property and material possession. Modern consumer culture came began to be evident during the industrial revolution attributed by the availability of a wider range of diversified products and services to the larger population and affordable prices therefore there individuals from the various classes developed varying ways consumption giving rise to the emergence of different distinguished consumer cultures (Lury 2011). With time as the globalization and internationalization took i nto effect consumer behaviors, values, and aspirations has changed and the consumption and spending on individuals do not depend entirely on the societal social status such as ranks, religion and social class. This trend has been attributed by the use of the good or a service and the non-monetary values derived from them thus restructuring the consumer culture social identities. The effect results of the varying consumer behaviors is highly determined by the producers need to sustained continuous consumption of these products and services thus importance of marketing becoming an issue of concern in the development of varying consumer trends of a particular product. Marketing has played an important role in the establishment and sustenance of modern consumer cultures. Marketing is considered to being the major force behind the consumer culture of individuals and various groups in the society therefore marketing is regarded by producers to have a significant influence that has the abi lity to transform consumer culture. Marketing has a pervasive influence and persuasive effect through its messages it has connecting the consumer needs with the available consumption opportunities (Lury 2011). Globalization is one of the features resulting from the influence of marketing on the consumer cultures; there is establishment of consumer market segments that are considered to being universal associated with various products, services, places and the diversified groups in the society and this brings about cross-cultural and transnational consumer cultures. The cross-cultural and transnational consumer culture provides that any individual or groups within the larger global society can be a consumer (Lury 2011). However the freedom and the non-constraints associated with this is determined and influence by the consumer material and resource aspirations. It is ideal to have a contemporary consumer society where there is endless choice of products and serv